Adsi

4.0.114

Adsi.psm1


#[NoRunspaceAffinity()] # Make this class thread-safe (requires PS 7+)
class FakeDirectoryEntry {

    <#
    Used in place of a DirectoryEntry for certain WinNT security principals that do not have objects in the directory
    The WinNT provider only throws an error if you try to retrieve certain accounts/identities
    #>

    [string]$Name
    [string]$Parent
    [string]$Path
    [type]$SchemaEntry
    [byte[]]$objectSid
    [string]$Description
    [hashtable]$Properties
    [string]$SchemaClassName

    FakeDirectoryEntry (
        [string]$DirectoryPath
    ) {

        $LastSlashIndex = $DirectoryPath.LastIndexOf('/')
        $StartIndex = $LastSlashIndex + 1
        $This.Name = $DirectoryPath.Substring($StartIndex, $DirectoryPath.Length - $StartIndex)
        $This.Parent = $DirectoryPath.Substring(0, $LastSlashIndex)
        $This.Path = $DirectoryPath
        $This.SchemaEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]
        switch -regex ($DirectoryPath) {

            'CREATOR OWNER$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-3-0'
                $This.Description = 'A SID to be replaced by the SID of the user who creates a new object. This SID is used in inheritable ACEs.'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'SYSTEM$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-18'
                $This.Description = 'By default, the SYSTEM account is granted Full Control permissions to all files on an NTFS volume'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'INTERACTIVE$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-4'
                $This.Description = 'Users who log on for interactive operation. This is a group identifier added to the token of a process when it was logged on interactively.'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'Authenticated Users$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-11'
                $This.Description = 'Any user who accesses the system through a sign-in process has the Authenticated Users identity.'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'TrustedInstaller$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-80-956008885-3418522649-1831038044-1853292631-2271478464'
                $This.Description = 'Most of the operating system files are owned by the TrustedInstaller security identifier (SID)'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-1'
                $This.Description = 'All applications running in an app package context. SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_PACKAGE'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-2'
                $This.Description = 'SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_RESTRICTED_PACKAGE'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'Everyone$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-1-0'
                $This.Description = "A group that includes all users; aka 'World'."
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'LOCAL SERVICE$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-19'
                $This.Description = 'A local service account'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'NETWORK SERVICE$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-20'
                $This.Description = 'A network service account'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
        }

        $This.Properties = @{
            Name            = $This.Name
            Description     = $This.Description
            objectSid       = $This.objectSid
            SchemaClassName = $This.SchemaClassName
        }
    }

    [void]RefreshCache([string[]]$Nonsense) {}
    [void]Invoke([string]$Nonsense) {}

}
function Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Add a domain FQDN to an LDAP directory path as the server address so the new path can be used for remote queries
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses RegEx to:
            - Match the Domain Components from the Distinguished Name in the LDAP directory path
            - Convert the Domain Components to an FQDN
            - Insert them into the directory path as the server address
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$DirectoryPath
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] Complete LDAP directory path including server address
        .EXAMPLE
        Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath 'LDAP://CN=user1,OU=UsersOU,DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com'
        LDAP://ad.contoso.com/CN=user1,OU=UsersOU,DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com
 
        Add the domain FQDN to a single LDAP directory path
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (

        # Incomplete LDAP directory path containing a distinguishedName but lacking a server address
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$DirectoryPath,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        <#
        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type = $DebugOutputStream
            LogBuffer = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI = $WhoAmI
        }
        #>

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer  = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $PathRegEx = '(?<Path>LDAP:\/\/[^\/]*)'
        $DomainRegEx = '(?i)DC=\w{1,}?\b'

    }
    process {

        ForEach ($ThisPath in $DirectoryPath) {

            if ($ThisPath -match $PathRegEx) {

                $RegExMatches = $null
                $RegExMatches = [regex]::Matches($ThisPath, $DomainRegEx)

                if ($RegExMatches) {
                    $DomainDN = $null
                    $DomainFqdn = $null

                    $RegExMatches = $RegExMatches |
                    ForEach-Object { $_.Value }

                    $DomainDN = $RegExMatches -join ','
                    $DomainFqdn = ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName $DomainDN -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
                    if ($ThisPath -match "LDAP:\/\/$DomainFqdn\/") {
                        #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN already found in the directory path: '$ThisPath'"
                        $ThisPath
                    } else {
                        $ThisPath -replace 'LDAP:\/\/', "LDAP://$DomainFqdn/"
                    }
                } else {
                    #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain DN not found in the directory path: '$ThisPath'"
                    $ThisPath
                }
            } else {
                #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Not an expected directory path: '$ThisPath'"
                $ThisPath
            }
        }
    }
}
function Add-SidInfo {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Add some useful properties to a DirectoryEntry object for easier access
        .DESCRIPTION
        Add SidString, Domain, and SamAccountName NoteProperties to a DirectoryEntry
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] or a [PSCustomObject] imitation. InputObject parameter. Must contain the objectSid property.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] or a [PSCustomObject] imitation. Whatever was input, but with three extra properties added now.
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrator') | Add-SidInfo
        distinguishedName :
        Path : WinNT://localhost/Administrator
 
        The output object's default format is not modified so with default formatting it appears identical to the original.
        Upon closer inspection it now has SidString, Domain, and SamAccountName properties.
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry[]], [PSCustomObject[]])]
    param (

        # Expecting a [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] from the LDAP or WinNT providers, or a [PSCustomObject] imitation from Get-DirectoryEntry.
        # Must contain the objectSid property
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $InputObject,

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }

    process {

        ForEach ($Object in $InputObject) {

            $SID = $null
            $SamAccountName = $null
            $DomainObject = $null

            if ($null -eq $Object) {
                continue
            } elseif ($Object.objectSid.Value ) {
                # With WinNT directory entries for the root (WinNT://localhost), objectSid is a method rather than a property
                # So we need to filter out those instances here to avoid this error:
                # The following exception occurred while retrieving the string representation for method "objectSid":
                # "Object reference not set to an instance of an object."
                if ( $Object.objectSid.Value.GetType().FullName -ne 'System.Management.Automation.PSMethod' ) {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.objectSid.Value, 0)
                }
            } elseif ($Object.objectSid) {
                # With WinNT directory entries for the root (WinNT://localhost), objectSid is a method rather than a property
                # So we need to filter out those instances here to avoid this error:
                # The following exception occurred while retrieving the string representation for method "objectSid":
                # "Object reference not set to an instance of an object."
                if ($Object.objectSid.GetType().FullName -ne 'System.Management.Automation.PSMethod') {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.objectSid, 0)
                }
            } elseif ($Object.Properties) {
                if ($Object.Properties['objectSid'].Value) {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.Properties['objectSid'].Value, 0)
                } elseif ($Object.Properties['objectSid']) {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]($Object.Properties['objectSid'] | ForEach-Object { $_ }), 0)
                }
                if ($Object.Properties['samaccountname']) {
                    $SamAccountName = $Object.Properties['samaccountname']
                } else {
                    #DirectoryEntries from the WinNT provider for local accounts do not have a samaccountname attribute so we use name instead
                    $SamAccountName = $Object.Properties['name']
                }
            } elseif ($Object.objectSid) {
                [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.objectSid, 0)
            }

            if ($Object.Domain.Sid) {
                #if ($Object.Domain.GetType().FullName -ne 'System.Management.Automation.PSMethod') {
                # This would only have come from Add-SidInfo in the first place
                # This means it was added with Add-Member in Get-DirectoryEntry for the root of the computer's directory
                if ($null -eq $SID) {
                    [string]$SID = $Object.Domain.Sid
                }
                $DomainObject = $Object.Domain
                #}
            }
            if (-not $DomainObject) {
                # The SID of the domain is the SID of the user minus the last block of numbers
                $DomainSid = $SID.Substring(0, $Sid.LastIndexOf("-"))

                # Lookup other information about the domain using its SID as the key
                $DomainObject = $DomainsBySid[$DomainSid]
            }

            #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$SamAccountName`t$SID"

            Add-Member -InputObject $Object -PassThru -Force @{
                SidString      = $SID
                Domain         = $DomainObject
                SamAccountName = $SamAccountName
            }
        }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-DirectoryEntry {

    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Convert a DirectoryEntry to a PSCustomObject
    .DESCRIPTION
    Recursively convert every property into a string, or a PSCustomObject (whose properties are all strings, or more PSCustomObjects)
    This obfuscates the troublesome PropertyCollection and PropertyValueCollection and Hashtable aspects of working with ADSI
    #>

    param (

        [Parameter(
            Position = 0
        )]
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry[]]$DirectoryEntry

    )

    ForEach ($ThisDirectoryEntry in $DirectoryEntry) {

        $OutputObject = @{}

        ForEach ($Prop in ($ThisDirectoryEntry | Get-Member -View All -MemberType Property, NoteProperty).Name) {

            $null = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ThisDirectoryEntry -Property $Prop -PropertyDictionary $OutputObject

        }

        [PSCustomObject]$OutputObject

    }

}
function ConvertFrom-IdentityReferenceResolved {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use ADSI to collect more information about the IdentityReference in NTFS Access Control Entries
        .DESCRIPTION
        Recursively retrieves group members and detailed information about them
        Use caching to reduce duplicate directory queries
        .INPUTS
        [System.Object]$IdentityReference
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.Object] The input object is returned with additional properties added:
            DirectoryEntry
            DomainDn
            DomainNetBIOS
            ObjectType
            Members (if the DirectoryEntry is a group).
 
        .EXAMPLE
        (Get-Acl).Access |
        Resolve-IdentityReference |
        Group-Object -Property IdentityReferenceResolved |
        ConvertFrom-IdentityReferenceResolved
 
        Incomplete example but it shows the chain of functions to generate the expected input for this
    #>
    [OutputType([void])]
    param (

        # The NTFS AccessControlEntry object(s), grouped by their IdentityReference property
        # TODO: Use System.Security.Principal.NTAccount instead
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string]$IdentityReference,

        # Do not get group members
        [switch]$NoGroupMembers,

        # Cache of access control entries keyed by their resolved identities
        [hashtable]$ACEsByResolvedID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Thread-safe hashtable to use for caching directory entries and avoiding duplicate directory queries
        [hashtable]$PrincipalsByResolvedID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug',

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # The current domain
        # Can be passed as a parameter to reduce calls to Get-CurrentDomain
        [string]$CurrentDomain = (Get-CurrentDomain)

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $AccessControlEntries = $ACEsByResolvedID[$IdentityReference]

    if ($null -eq $PrincipalsByResolvedID[$IdentityReference]) {

        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # ADSI Principal cache miss for '$IdentityReference'"

        $GetDirectoryEntryParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
            CimCache            = $CimCache
            DebugOutputStream   = $DebugOutputStream
        }

        $SearchDirectoryParams = @{
            CimCache            = $CimCache
            DebugOutputStream   = $DebugOutputStream
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
        }

        $split = $IdentityReference.Split('\')
        $DomainNetBIOS = $split[0]
        $SamaccountnameOrSid = $split[1]

        if (

            $null -ne $SamaccountnameOrSid -and
            @($AccessControlEntries.AdsiProvider)[0] -eq 'LDAP'

        ) {

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' is a domain security principal"
            $DomainNetbiosCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]

            if ($DomainNetbiosCacheResult) {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$DomainNetBIOS' for '$IdentityReference'"
                $DomainDn = $DomainNetbiosCacheResult.DistinguishedName
                $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "LDAP://$($DomainNetbiosCacheResult.Dns)/$DomainDn"

            } else {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$DomainNetBIOS' for '$IdentityReference'"

                if ( -not [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($DomainNetBIOS) ) {
                    $DomainDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain $DomainNetBIOS -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios @LoggingParams
                }

                $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainNetBIOS" -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LogParams

            }

            # Search the domain for the principal
            $SearchDirectoryParams['Filter'] = "(samaccountname=$SamaccountnameOrSid)"

            $SearchDirectoryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = @(
                'objectClass',
                'objectSid',
                'samAccountName',
                'distinguishedName',
                'name',
                'grouptype',
                'description',
                'managedby',
                'member',
                'Department',
                'Title',
                'primaryGroupToken'
            )
            $Params = $SearchDirectoryParams.Keys | ForEach-Object {
                "-$_ '$($SearchDirectoryParams[$_])'"
            }
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Search-Directory $($Params -join ' ')"
            try {
                $DirectoryEntry = Search-Directory @SearchDirectoryParams @LoggingParams
            } catch {
                $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' could not be resolved against its directory: $($_.Exception.Message)"
                $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream
            }

        } elseif (
            $IdentityReference.Substring(0, $IdentityReference.LastIndexOf('-') + 1) -eq $CurrentDomain.SIDString
        ) {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' is an unresolved SID from the current domain"

            # Get the distinguishedName and netBIOSName of the current domain. This also determines whether the domain is online.
            $DomainDN = $CurrentDomain.distinguishedName.Value
            $DomainFQDN = ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName $DomainDN -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams

            $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/cn=partitions,cn=configuration,$DomainDn"
            $SearchDirectoryParams['Filter'] = "(&(objectcategory=crossref)(dnsroot=$DomainFQDN)(netbiosname=*))"
            $SearchDirectoryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = 'netbiosname'

            $Params = $SearchDirectoryParams.Keys | ForEach-Object {
                "-$_ '$($SearchDirectoryParams[$_])'"
            }
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Search-Directory $($Params -join ' ')"
            $DomainCrossReference = Search-Directory @SearchDirectoryParams @LoggingParams
            if ($DomainCrossReference.Properties ) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # The domain '$DomainFQDN' is online for '$IdentityReference'"
                [string]$DomainNetBIOS = $DomainCrossReference.Properties['netbiosname']
                # TODO: The domain is online, so let's see if any domain trusts have issues? Determine if SID is foreign security principal?
                # TODO: What if the foreign security principal exists but the corresponding domain trust is down? Don't want to recommend deletion of the ACE in that case.
            }
            $SidObject = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($IdentityReference)
            $SidBytes = [byte[]]::new($SidObject.BinaryLength)
            $null = $SidObject.GetBinaryForm($SidBytes, 0)
            $ObjectSid = ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString -SIDByteArray $SidBytes
            $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/$DomainDn"
            $SearchDirectoryParams['Filter'] = "(objectsid=$ObjectSid)"
            $SearchDirectoryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = @(
                'objectClass',
                'objectSid',
                'samAccountName',
                'distinguishedName',
                'name',
                'grouptype',
                'description',
                'managedby',
                'member',
                'Department',
                'Title',
                'primaryGroupToken'
            )
            $Params = $SearchDirectoryParams.Keys | ForEach-Object {
                "-$_ '$($SearchDirectoryParams[$_])'"
            }
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Search-Directory $($Params -join ' ')"
            try {
                $DirectoryEntry = Search-Directory @SearchDirectoryParams @LoggingParams
            } catch {
                $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' could not be resolved against its directory. Error: $($_.Exception.Message.Trim())"
                $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream
            }

        } else {

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' is a local security principal or unresolved SID"

            if ($null -eq $SamaccountnameOrSid) { $SamaccountnameOrSid = $IdentityReference }

            if ($SamaccountnameOrSid -like "S-1-*") {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($IdentityReference) is an unresolved SID"

                # The SID of the domain is the SID of the user minus the last block of numbers
                $DomainSid = $SamaccountnameOrSid.Substring(0, $SamaccountnameOrSid.LastIndexOf("-"))

                # Determine if SID belongs to current domain
                if ($DomainSid -eq $CurrentDomain.SIDString) {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($IdentityReference) belongs to the current domain. Could be a deleted user. ?possibly a foreign security principal corresponding to an offline trusted domain or deleted user in the trusted domain?"
                } else {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($IdentityReference) does not belong to the current domain. Could be a local security principal or belong to an unresolvable domain."
                }

                # Lookup other information about the domain using its SID as the key
                $DomainObject = $DomainsBySID[$DomainSid]

                if ($DomainObject) {
                    $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$($DomainObject.Dns)/Users,group"
                    $DomainNetBIOS = $DomainObject.Netbios
                    $DomainDN = $DomainObject.DistinguishedName
                } else {
                    $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$DomainNetBIOS/Users,group"
                    $DomainDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain $DomainNetBIOS -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios @LoggingParams
                }

                $Params = $GetDirectoryEntryParams.Keys | ForEach-Object {
                    "-$_ '$($GetDirectoryEntryParams[$_])'"
                }
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry $($Params -join ' ')"
                try {
                    $UsersGroup = Get-DirectoryEntry @GetDirectoryEntryParams @LoggingParams
                } catch {
                    $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Could not get '$($GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'])' using PSRemoting. Error: $_"
                    $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream
                }

                $MembersOfUsersGroup = Get-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $UsersGroup -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

                $DirectoryEntry = $MembersOfUsersGroup |
                Where-Object -FilterScript { ($SamaccountnameOrSid -eq [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$_.Properties['objectSid'].Value, 0)) }

            } else {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' is a local security principal"
                $DomainNetbiosCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]

                if ($DomainNetbiosCacheResult) {
                    $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$($DomainNetbiosCacheResult.Dns)/$SamaccountnameOrSid"
                } else {
                    $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$DomainNetBIOS/$SamaccountnameOrSid"
                }

                $GetDirectoryEntryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = @(
                    'members',
                    'objectClass',
                    'objectSid',
                    'samAccountName',
                    'distinguishedName',
                    'name',
                    'grouptype',
                    'description',
                    'managedby',
                    'member',
                    'Department',
                    'Title',
                    'primaryGroupToken'
                )

                $Params = $GetDirectoryEntryParams.Keys | ForEach-Object {
                    "-$_ $($GetDirectoryEntryParams[$_])"
                }
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry $($Params -join ' ')"
                try {
                    $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry @GetDirectoryEntryParams @LoggingParams
                } catch {
                    $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'])' could not be resolved for '$IdentityReference'. Error: $($_.Exception.Message.Trim())"
                    $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream
                }

            }

        }

        $PropertiesToAdd = @{
            DomainDn      = $DomainDn
            DomainNetbios = $DomainNetBIOS
        }

        if ($null -ne $DirectoryEntry) {

            ForEach ($Prop in ($DirectoryEntry | Get-Member -View All -MemberType Property, NoteProperty).Name) {
                $null = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $DirectoryEntry -Property $Prop -PropertyDictionary $PropertiesToAdd
            }

            if ($DirectoryEntry.Name) {
                $AccountName = $DirectoryEntry.Name
            } else {
                if ($DirectoryEntry.Properties) {
                    if ($DirectoryEntry.Properties['name'].Value) {
                        $AccountName = $DirectoryEntry.Properties['name'].Value
                    } else {
                        $AccountName = $DirectoryEntry.Properties['name']
                    }
                }
            }
            $PropertiesToAdd['ResolvedAccountName'] = "$DomainNetBIOS\$AccountName"

            # WinNT objects have a SchemaClassName property which is a string
            # LDAP objects have an objectClass property which is an ordered list of strings, the last being the class name of the object instance
            # ToDo: LDAP objects may have SchemaClassName too. When/why? Should I just request it always in the list of properties?
            # ToDo: Actually I should create an AdsiObjectType property of my own or something...don't expose the dependency
            if (-not $DirectoryEntry.SchemaClassName) {
                $PropertiesToAdd['SchemaClassName'] = @($DirectoryEntry.Properties['objectClass'])[-1] #untested but should work, last value should be the correct one https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/ad/retrieving-the-objectclass-property
            }

            if ($NoGroupMembers -eq $false) {

                if (

                    # WinNT DirectoryEntries do not contain an objectClass property
                    # If this property exists it is an LDAP DirectoryEntry rather than WinNT
                    $PropertiesToAdd.ContainsKey('objectClass')

                ) {
                    # Retrieve the members of groups from the LDAP provider

                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($DirectoryEntry.Path)' is an LDAP security principal for '$IdentityReference'"
                    $Members = (Get-AdsiGroupMember -Group $DirectoryEntry -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams).FullMembers

                } else {

                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($DirectoryEntry.Path)' is a WinNT security principal for '$IdentityReference'"

                    if ( $DirectoryEntry.SchemaClassName -eq 'group') {

                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($DirectoryEntry.Path)' is a WinNT group for '$IdentityReference'"
                        $Members = Get-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $DirectoryEntry -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

                    }

                }

                # (Get-AdsiGroupMember).FullMembers or Get-WinNTGroupMember could return an array with null members so we must verify that is not true
                if ($Members) {

                    $GroupMembers = ForEach ($ThisMember in $Members) {

                        if ($ThisMember.Domain) {

                            # Include specific desired properties
                            $OutputProperties = @{}

                        } else {

                            # Include specific desired properties
                            $OutputProperties = @{
                                Domain = [pscustomobject]@{
                                    Dns     = $DomainNetBIOS
                                    Netbios = $DomainNetBIOS
                                    Sid     = @($SamaccountnameOrSid -split '-')[-1]
                                }
                            }

                        }

                        # Get any existing properties for inclusion later
                        $InputProperties = (Get-Member -InputObject $ThisMember -MemberType Property, CodeProperty, ScriptProperty, NoteProperty).Name

                        # Include any existing properties found earlier
                        ForEach ($ThisProperty in $InputProperties) {
                            #$OutputProperties[$ThisProperty] = $ThisMember.$ThisProperty
                            $null = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ThisMember -Property $ThisProperty -PropertyDictionary $OutputProperties
                        }

                        if ($ThisMember.sAmAccountName) {
                            $ResolvedAccountName = "$($OutputProperties['Domain'].Netbios)\$($ThisMember.sAmAccountName)"
                        } else {
                            $ResolvedAccountName = "$($OutputProperties['Domain'].Netbios)\$($ThisMember.Name)"
                        }

                        $OutputProperties['ResolvedAccountName'] = $ResolvedAccountName
                        $PrincipalsByResolvedID[$ResolvedAccountName] = [PSCustomObject]$OutputProperties
                        $ACEsByResolvedID[$ResolvedAccountName] = $AccessControlEntries
                        $ResolvedAccountName

                    }

                }

            }

            $PropertiesToAdd['Members'] = $GroupMembers
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($DirectoryEntry.Path)' has $(($Members | Measure-Object).Count) members for '$IdentityReference'"

        } else {

            $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' could not be matched to a DirectoryEntry"
            $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream

        }

        $PrincipalsByResolvedID[$IdentityReference] = [PSCustomObject]$PropertiesToAdd

    }

}
function ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a PropertyValueCollection to a string
        .DESCRIPTION
        Useful when working with System.DirectoryServices and some other namespaces
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String]
        .EXAMPLE
        $DirectoryEntry = [adsi]("WinNT://$(hostname)")
        $DirectoryEntry.Properties.Keys |
        ForEach-Object {
            ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString -PropertyValueCollection $DirectoryEntry.Properties[$_]
        }
 
        For each property in a DirectoryEntry, convert its corresponding PropertyValueCollection to a string
    #>
    param (
        [System.DirectoryServices.PropertyValueCollection]$PropertyValueCollection
    )
    $SubType = & { $PropertyValueCollection.Value.GetType().FullName } 2>$null
    switch ($SubType) {
        'System.Byte[]' { ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation -ByteArray $PropertyValueCollection.Value }
        default { "$($PropertyValueCollection.Value)" }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-ResultPropertyValueCollectionToString {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a ResultPropertyValueCollection to a string
        .DESCRIPTION
        Useful when working with System.DirectoryServices and some other namespaces
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String]
        .EXAMPLE
        $DirectoryEntry = [adsi]("WinNT://$(hostname)")
        $DirectoryEntry.Properties.Keys |
        ForEach-Object {
            ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString -PropertyValueCollection $DirectoryEntry.Properties[$_]
        }
 
        For each property in a DirectoryEntry, convert its corresponding PropertyValueCollection to a string
    #>
    param (
        [System.DirectoryServices.ResultPropertyValueCollection]$ResultPropertyValueCollection
    )
    $SubType = & { $ResultPropertyValueCollection.Value.GetType().FullName } 2>$null
    switch ($SubType) {
        'System.Byte[]' { ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation -ByteArray $ResultPropertyValueCollection.Value }
        default { "$($ResultPropertyValueCollection.Value)" }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-SearchResult {
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Convert a SearchResult to a PSCustomObject
    .DESCRIPTION
    Recursively convert every property into a string, or a PSCustomObject (whose properties are all strings, or more PSCustomObjects)
    This obfuscates the troublesome ResultPropertyCollection and ResultPropertyValueCollection and Hashtable aspects of working with ADSI searches
    .NOTES
    # TODO: There is a faster way than Select-Object, just need to dig into the default formatting of SearchResult to see how to get those properties
    #>

    param (
        [Parameter(
            Position = 0,
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [System.DirectoryServices.SearchResult[]]$SearchResult
    )

    process {
        ForEach ($ThisSearchResult in $SearchResult) {
            #$ObjectWithProperties = $ThisSearchResult |
            #Select-Object -Property *
            #
            #$ObjectNoteProperties = $ObjectWithProperties |
            #Get-Member -MemberType Property, CodeProperty, ScriptProperty, NoteProperty
            #
            #$ThisObject = @{}
            #
            ## Enumerate the keys of the ResultPropertyCollection
            #ForEach ($ThisProperty in $ThisSearchResult.Properties.Keys) {
            # $ThisObject = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ThisSearchResult.Properties -Property $ThisProperty -PropertyDictionary $ThisObject
            #}
            #
            ## We will allow any existing properties to override members of the ResultPropertyCollection
            #ForEach ($ThisObjProperty in $ObjectNoteProperties) {
            # $ThisObject = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ObjectWithProperties -Property $ThisObjProperty.Name -PropertyDictionary $ThisObject
            #}
            #
            #[PSCustomObject]$ThisObject

            $OutputObject = @{}

            # Enumerate the keys of the ResultPropertyCollection
            ForEach ($ThisProperty in $ThisSearchResult.Properties.Keys) {
                $null = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ThisSearchResult.Properties -Property $ThisProperty -PropertyDictionary $ThisObject
            }

            # We will allow any existing properties to override members of the ResultPropertyCollection
            ForEach ($ThisProperty in ($ThisSearchResult | Get-Member -View All -MemberType Property, NoteProperty).Name) {
                $null = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ThisSearchResult -Property $ThisProperty -PropertyDictionary $OutputObject
            }

            [PSCustomObject]$OutputObject

        }
    }
}
# This function is not currently in use by Export-Permission

function ConvertFrom-SidString {
    #[OutputType([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount])]
    param (
        [string]$SID,

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug',

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{}))
    )

    $GetDirectoryEntryParams = @{
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
        ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
        CimCache            = $CimCache
        LogBuffer         = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
        DebugOutputStream   = $DebugOutputStream
    }

    #[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($SID)
    # Only works if SID is in the current domain...otherwise SID not found
    Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://<SID=$SID>" @GetDirectoryEntryParams

}
function ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a byte array to a string representation of its decimal format
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the custom format operator -f to format each byte as a string decimal representation
        .INPUTS
        [System.Byte[]]$ByteArray
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] Array of strings representing the byte array's decimal values
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation -ByteArray $Bytes
 
        Convert the binary SID $Bytes to a decimal string representation
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (
        # Byte array. Often the binary format of an objectSid or LoginHours
        [byte[]]$ByteArray
    )

    $ByteArray |
    ForEach-Object {
        '{0}' -f $_
    }
}
function ConvertTo-DistinguishedName {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a domain NetBIOS name to its distinguishedName
        .DESCRIPTION
        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/nn-iads-iadsnametranslate
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$Domain
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] distinguishedName of the domain
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain 'CONTOSO'
        DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com
 
        Resolve the NetBIOS domain 'CONTOSO' to its distinguishedName 'DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (

        # NetBIOS name of the domain
        [Parameter(Mandatory, ValueFromPipeline, ParameterSetName = 'NetBIOS')]
        [string[]]$Domain,

        [Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'NetBIOS')]
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # FQDN of the domain
        [Parameter(Mandatory, ValueFromPipeline, ParameterSetName = 'FQDN')]
        [string[]]$DomainFQDN,

        # Type of initialization to be performed
        # Will be translated to the corresponding integer for use as the lnSetType parameter of the IADsNameTranslate::Init method (iads.h)
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/ne-iads-ads_name_inittype_enum
        [string]$InitType = 'ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_GC',

        # Format of the name of the directory object that will be used for the input
        # Will be translated to the corresponding integer for use as the lnSetType parameter of the IADsNameTranslate::Set method (iads.h)
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/ne-iads-ads_name_type_enum
        [string]$InputType = 'ADS_NAME_TYPE_NT4',

        # Format of the name of the directory object that will be used for the output
        # Will be translated to the corresponding integer for use as the lnSetType parameter of the IADsNameTranslate::Get method (iads.h)
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/ne-iads-ads_name_type_enum
        [string]$OutputType = 'ADS_NAME_TYPE_1779',

        <#
        AdsiProvider (WinNT or LDAP) of the servers associated with the provided FQDNs or NetBIOS names
 
        This parameter can be used to reduce calls to Find-AdsiProvider
 
        Useful when that has been done already but the DomainsByFqdn and DomainsByNetbios caches have not been updated yet
        #>
        [string]$AdsiProvider,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer       = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        # Declare constants for these Windows enums
        # We need to because PowerShell makes it hard to directly use the Win32 API and read the enum definition
        # Use hashtables instead of enums since this use case is so simple
        $ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_dict = @{
            ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_DOMAIN = 1 #Initializes a NameTranslate object by setting the domain that the object binds to.
            ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_SERVER = 2 #Initializes a NameTranslate object by setting the server that the object binds to.
            ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_GC     = 3 #Initializes a NameTranslate object by locating the global catalog that the object binds to.
        }
        $ADS_NAME_TYPE_dict = @{
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_1779                    = 1 #Name format as specified in RFC 1779. For example, "CN=Jeff Smith,CN=users,DC=Fabrikam,DC=com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_CANONICAL               = 2 #Canonical name format. For example, "Fabrikam.com/Users/Jeff Smith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_NT4                     = 3 #Account name format used in Windows. For example, "Fabrikam\JeffSmith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_DISPLAY                 = 4 #Display name format. For example, "Jeff Smith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_DOMAIN_SIMPLE           = 5 #Simple domain name format. For example, "JeffSmith@Fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_ENTERPRISE_SIMPLE       = 6 #Simple enterprise name format. For example, "JeffSmith@Fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_GUID                    = 7 #Global Unique Identifier format. For example, "{95ee9fff-3436-11d1-b2b0-d15ae3ac8436}".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_UNKNOWN                 = 8 #Unknown name type. The system will estimate the format. This element is a meaningful option only with the IADsNameTranslate.Set or the IADsNameTranslate.SetEx method, but not with the IADsNameTranslate.Get or IADsNameTranslate.GetEx method.
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_USER_PRINCIPAL_NAME     = 9 #User principal name format. For example, "JeffSmith@Fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_CANONICAL_EX            = 10 #Extended canonical name format. For example, "Fabrikam.com/Users Jeff Smith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_SERVICE_PRINCIPAL_NAME  = 11 #Service principal name format. For example, "www/www.fabrikam.com@fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_SID_OR_SID_HISTORY_NAME = 12 #A SID string, as defined in the Security Descriptor Definition Language (SDDL), for either the SID of the current object or one from the object SID history. For example, "O:AOG:DAD:(A;;RPWPCCDCLCSWRCWDWOGA;;;S-1-0-0)"
        }
        $ChosenInitType = $ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_dict[$InitType]
        $ChosenInputType = $ADS_NAME_TYPE_dict[$InputType]
        $ChosenOutputType = $ADS_NAME_TYPE_dict[$OutputType]

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisDomain in $Domain) {
            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$ThisDomain]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$ThisDomain'"
                #ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -DomainFQDN $DomainCacheResult.Dns -AdsiProvider $DomainCacheResult.AdsiProvider
                $DomainCacheResult.DistinguishedName
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$ThisDomain'. Available keys: $($DomainsByNetBios.Keys -join ',')"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$IADsNameTranslateComObject = New-Object -comObject 'NameTranslate' # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $IADsNameTranslateComObject = New-Object -comObject "NameTranslate"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$IADsNameTranslateInterface = `$IADsNameTranslateComObject.GetType() # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $IADsNameTranslateInterface = $IADsNameTranslateComObject.GetType()
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$null = `$IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember('Init', 'InvokeMethod', `$Null, `$IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInitType, `$Null)) # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $null = $IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember("Init", "InvokeMethod", $Null, $IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInitType, $Null))

                # For a non-domain-joined system there is no DistinguishedName for the domain
                # Suppress errors when calling these next 2 methods
                # Exception calling "InvokeMember" with "5" argument(s): "Name translation: Could not find the name or insufficient right to see name. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80072116)"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$null = `$IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember('Set', 'InvokeMethod', `$Null, `$IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInputType, '$ThisDomain\')) # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $null = { $IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember("Set", "InvokeMethod", $Null, $IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInputType, "$ThisDomain\")) } 2>$null
                # Exception calling "InvokeMember" with "5" argument(s): "Unspecified error (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80004005 (E_FAIL))"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember('Get', 'InvokeMethod', `$Null, `$IADsNameTranslateComObject, $ChosenOutputType) # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $null = { $null = { $IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember("Get", "InvokeMethod", $Null, $IADsNameTranslateComObject, $ChosenOutputType) } 2>$null } 2>$null
            }
        }
        ForEach ($ThisDomain in $DomainFQDN) {
            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByFqdn[$ThisDomain]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$ThisDomain'"
                $DomainCacheResult.DistinguishedName
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$ThisDomain'"

                if (-not $PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('AdsiProvider')) {
                    $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $ThisDomain @LoggingParams
                }

                if ($AdsiProvider -ne 'WinNT') {
                    "dc=$($ThisDomain -replace '\.',',dc=')"
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
function ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS {
    param (
        [string]$DomainFQDN,

        [string]$AdsiProvider,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainFQDN]
    if ($DomainCacheResult) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$DomainFQDN'"
        return $DomainCacheResult.Netbios
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$DomainFQDN'"

    if ($AdsiProvider -eq 'LDAP') {

        $GetDirectoryEntryParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
            ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
            ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
            CimCache            = $CimCache
            LogBuffer           = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
            DebugOutputStream   = $DebugOutputStream
        }

        $RootDSE = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/rootDSE" @GetDirectoryEntryParams
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$RootDSE.InvokeGet('defaultNamingContext')"
        $DomainDistinguishedName = $RootDSE.InvokeGet("defaultNamingContext")
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$RootDSE.InvokeGet('configurationNamingContext')"
        $ConfigurationDN = $rootDSE.InvokeGet("configurationNamingContext")
        $partitions = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/cn=partitions,$ConfigurationDN" @GetDirectoryEntryParams

        ForEach ($Child In $Partitions.Children) {
            If ($Child.nCName -contains $DomainDistinguishedName) {
                return $Child.nETBIOSName
            }
        }
    } else {
        $LengthOfNetBIOSName = $DomainFQDN.IndexOf('.')
        if ($LengthOfNetBIOSName -eq -1) {
            $DomainFQDN
        } else {
            $DomainFQDN.Substring(0, $LengthOfNetBIOSName)
        }
    }

}
function ConvertTo-DomainSidString {

    param (

        # Domain DNS name to convert to the domain's SID
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$DomainDnsName,

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
 
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        AdsiProvider (WinNT or LDAP) of the servers associated with the provided FQDNs or NetBIOS names
 
        This parameter can be used to reduce calls to Find-AdsiProvider
 
        Useful when that has been done already but the DomainsByFqdn and DomainsByNetbios caches have not been updated yet
        #>
        [string]$AdsiProvider,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }


    $CacheResult = $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainDnsName]
    if ($CacheResult) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$DomainDnsName'"
        return $CacheResult.Sid
    }
    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$DomainDnsName'"

    if (
        -not $AdsiProvider -or
        $AdsiProvider -eq 'LDAP'
    ) {

        $GetDirectoryEntryParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
            ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
            CimCache            = $CimCache
            DebugOutputStream   = $DebugOutputStream
        }

        $DomainDirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainDnsName" @GetDirectoryEntryParams @LoggingParams
        try {
            $null = $DomainDirectoryEntry.RefreshCache('objectSid')
        } catch {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # LDAP connection failed to '$DomainDnsName' - $($_.Exception.Message)"
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName '$DomainDnsName'"
            $DomainSid = Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName $DomainDnsName -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
            return $DomainSid
        }
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName '$DomainDnsName'"
        $DomainSid = Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName $DomainDnsName -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
        return $DomainSid
    }

    $DomainSid = $null

    if ($DomainDirectoryEntry.Properties) {
        $objectSIDProperty = $DomainDirectoryEntry.Properties['objectSid']
        if ($objectSIDProperty.Value) {
            $SidByteArray = [byte[]]$objectSIDProperty.Value
        } else {
            $SidByteArray = [byte[]]$objectSIDProperty
        }
    } else {
        $SidByteArray = [byte[]]$DomainDirectoryEntry.objectSid
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]@($($SidByteArray -join ',')), 0).ToString()"
    $DomainSid = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($SidByteArray, 0).ToString()

    if ($DomainSid) {
        return $DomainSid
    } else {
        $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # LDAP Domain: '$DomainDnsName' has an invalid SID - $($_.Exception.Message)"
        $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream
    }

}
function ConvertTo-Fqdn {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a domain distinguishedName name or NetBIOS name to its FQDN
        .DESCRIPTION
        For the DistinguishedName parameter, uses PowerShell's -replace operator to perform the conversion
        For the NetBIOS parameter, uses ConvertTo-DistinguishedName to convert from NetBIOS to distinguishedName, then recursively calls this function to get the FQDN
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$DistinguishedName
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] FQDN version of the distinguishedName
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName 'DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com'
        ad.contoso.com
 
        Convert the domain distinguishedName 'DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com' to its FQDN format 'ad.contoso.com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (
        # distinguishedName of the domain
        [Parameter(
            ParameterSetName = 'DistinguishedName',
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [string[]]$DistinguishedName,

        # NetBIOS name of the domain
        [Parameter(
            ParameterSetName = 'NetBIOS',
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [string[]]$NetBIOS,

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($DN in $DistinguishedName) {
            $DN -replace ',DC=', '.' -replace 'DC=', ''
        }

        ForEach ($ThisNetBios in $NetBIOS) {
            $DomainObject = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]

            if (
                -not $DomainObject -and
                -not [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($DomainNetBIOS)
            ) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$DomainNetBIOS'"
                $DomainObject = Get-AdsiServer -Netbios $DomainNetBIOS -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS] = $DomainObject
            }

            $DomainObject.Dns
        }
    }
}
function ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentation {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a SID from byte array format to a string representation of its hexadecimal format
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the custom format operator -f to format each byte as a string hex representation
        .INPUTS
        [System.Byte[]]$SIDByteArray
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] SID as an array of strings representing the byte array's hexadecimal values
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentation -SIDByteArray $Bytes
 
        Convert the binary SID $Bytes to a hexadecimal string representation
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String[]])]
    param (
        # SID
        [byte[]]$SIDByteArray
    )

    $SIDHexString = $SIDByteArray |
    ForEach-Object {
        '{0:X}' -f $_
    }
    return $SIDHexString
}
function ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a SID from byte array format to a string representation of its hexadecimal format, properly formatted for an LDAP filter string
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the custom format operator -f to format each byte as a string hex representation
        .INPUTS
        [System.Byte[]]$SIDByteArray
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] SID as an array of strings representing the byte array's hexadecimal values
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString -SIDByteArray $Bytes
 
        Convert the binary SID $Bytes to a hexadecimal string representation, formatted for use in an LDAP filter string
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (
        # SID to convert to a hex string
        [byte[]]$SIDByteArray
    )
    $Hexes = $SIDByteArray |
    ForEach-Object {
        '{0:X}' -f $_
    } |
    ForEach-Object {
        if ($_.Length -eq 2) {
            $_
        } else {
            "0$_"
        }
    }
    "\$($Hexes -join '\')"
}
function ConvertTo-SidByteArray {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a SID from a string to binary format (byte array)
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the GetBinaryForm method of the [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier] class
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$SidString
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.Byte] SID a a byte array
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString $SID
 
        Convert the SID string to a byte array
    #>
    [OutputType([System.Byte[]])]
    param (
        # SID to convert to binary
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$SidString
    )
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisSID in $SidString) {
            $SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($ThisSID)
            [byte[]]$Bytes = [byte[]]::new($SID.BinaryLength)
            $SID.GetBinaryForm($Bytes, 0)
            $Bytes
        }
    }
}
function Expand-AdsiGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use the LDAP provider to add information about group members to a DirectoryEntry of a group for easier access
        .DESCRIPTION
        Recursively retrieves group members and detailed information about them
        Specifically gets the SID, and resolves foreign security principals to their DirectoryEntry from the trusted domain
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] Returned with member info added now (if the DirectoryEntry is a group).
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators') | Get-AdsiGroupMember | Expand-AdsiGroupMember
 
        Need to fix example and add notes
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # Expecting a DirectoryEntry from the LDAP or WinNT providers, or a PSObject imitation from Get-DirectoryEntry
        [parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $DirectoryEntry,

        # Properties of the group members to retrieve
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad = (@('Department', 'description', 'distinguishedName', 'grouptype', 'managedby', 'member', 'name', 'objectClass', 'objectSid', 'operatingSystem', 'primaryGroupToken', 'samAccountName', 'Title')),

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't need to be retrieved from the directory again
 
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid,

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer       = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        # The DomainsBySID cache must be populated with trusted domains in order to translate foreign security principals
        if ( $DomainsBySid.Keys.Count -lt 1 ) {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "# No valid DomainsBySid cache found"
            $DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{}))

            $GetAdsiServerParams = @{
                DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
                DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
                DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
                DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
                ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
                CimCache            = $CimCache
            }

            Get-TrustedDomain |
            ForEach-Object {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn $($_.DomainFqdn)"
                $null = Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn $_.DomainFqdn @GetAdsiServerParams @LoggingParams
            }
        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "# Valid DomainsBySid cache found"
        }

        $CacheParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        }

        $i = 0
    }

    process {

        ForEach ($Entry in $DirectoryEntry) {

            $i++

            #$status = ("$(Get-Date -Format s)`t$ThisHostname`tExpand-AdsiGroupMember`tStatus: Using ADSI to get info on group member $i`: " + $Entry.Name)
            #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$status"

            $Principal = $null

            if ($Entry.objectClass -contains 'foreignSecurityPrincipal') {

                if ($Entry.distinguishedName.Value -match '(?>^CN=)(?<SID>[^,]*)') {

                    [string]$SID = $Matches.SID

                    #The SID of the domain is the SID of the user minus the last block of numbers
                    $DomainSid = $SID.Substring(0, $Sid.LastIndexOf("-"))
                    $Domain = $DomainsBySid[$DomainSid]

                    $GetDirectoryEntryParams = @{
                        ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
                        CimCache          = $CimCache
                        DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
                    }

                    $Principal = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$($Domain.Dns)/<SID=$SID>" @GetDirectoryEntryParams @CacheParams @LoggingParams

                    try {
                        $null = $Principal.RefreshCache($PropertiesToLoad)
                    } catch {
                        #$Success = $false
                        $Principal = $Entry
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # SID '$SID' could not be retrieved from domain '$Domain'"
                    }

                    # Recursively enumerate group members
                    if ($Principal.properties['objectClass'].Value -contains 'group') {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$($Principal.properties['name'])' is a group in '$Domain'"
                        $AdsiGroupWithMembers = Get-AdsiGroupMember -Group $Principal -CimCache $CimCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @CacheParams @LoggingParams
                        $Principal = Expand-AdsiGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $AdsiGroupWithMembers.FullMembers -CimCache $CimCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -ThisHostName $ThisHostName @CacheParams

                    }

                }

            } else {
                $Principal = $Entry
            }

            Add-SidInfo -InputObject $Principal -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams

        }
    }

}
function Expand-WinNTGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use the LDAP provider to add information about group members to a DirectoryEntry of a group for easier access
        .DESCRIPTION
        Recursively retrieves group members and detailed information about them
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] Returned with member info added now (if the DirectoryEntry is a group).
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators') | Get-WinNTGroupMember | Expand-WinNTGroupMember
 
        Need to fix example and add notes
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # Expecting a DirectoryEntry from the WinNT provider, or a PSObject imitation from Get-DirectoryEntry
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $DirectoryEntry,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer       = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisEntry in $DirectoryEntry) {

            if (!($ThisEntry.Properties)) {
                $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$ThisEntry' has no properties"
                $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream
            } elseif ($ThisEntry.Properties['objectClass'] -contains 'group') {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$($ThisEntry.Path)' is an ADSI group"
                $AdsiGroup = Get-AdsiGroup -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DirectoryPath $ThisEntry.Path -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                Add-SidInfo -InputObject $AdsiGroup.FullMembers -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams

            } else {

                if ($ThisEntry.SchemaClassName -eq 'group') {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$($ThisEntry.Path)' is a WinNT group"

                    if ($ThisEntry.GetType().FullName -eq 'System.Collections.Hashtable') {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($ThisEntry.Path)' is a special group with no direct memberships"
                        Add-SidInfo -InputObject $ThisEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
                    } else {
                        Get-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $ThisEntry -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                    }

                } else {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($ThisEntry.Path)' is a user account"
                    Add-SidInfo -InputObject $ThisEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
                }

            }

        }
    }
}
function Find-AdsiProvider {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Determine whether a directory server is an LDAP or a WinNT server
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the ADSI provider to attempt to query the server using LDAP first, then WinNT second
        .INPUTS
        [System.String] AdsiServer parameter.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] Possible return values are:
            None
            LDAP
            WinNT
        .EXAMPLE
        Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer localhost
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the local computer
        .EXAMPLE
        Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer 'ad.contoso.com'
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the AD domain 'ad.contoso.com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]

    param (

        # IP address or hostname of the directory server whose ADSI provider type to determine
        [string]$AdsiServer,

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $Log = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer       = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $AdsiProvider = $null

    $CommandParameters = @{
        ComputerName      = $AdsiServer
        Namespace         = 'ROOT/StandardCimv2'
        Query             = 'Select * From MSFT_NetTCPConnection Where LocalPort = 389'
        KeyProperty       = 'LocalPort'
        CimCache          = $CimCache
        DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
        ErrorAction       = 'Ignore'
        LogBuffer         = $LogBuffer
        ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
        ThisHostname      = $ThisHostname
        WhoAmI            = $WhoAmI
    }

    Write-LogMsg @Log -Text 'Get-CachedCimInstance' -Expand $CommandParameters

    if (Get-CachedCimInstance @CommandParameters) {
        #$AdsiPath = "LDAP://$AdsiServer"
        #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists('$AdsiPath')"
        #try {
        # $null = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists($AdsiPath)
        $AdsiProvider = 'LDAP'
        #} catch { Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # $AdsiServer did not respond to LDAP" }
    }

    if (!$AdsiProvider) {
        #$AdsiPath = "WinNT://$AdsiServer"
        #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists('$AdsiPath')"
        #try {
        # $null = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists($AdsiPath)
        $AdsiProvider = 'WinNT'
        #} catch {
        # Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # $AdsiServer did not respond to WinNT"
        #}
    }
    #if (!$AdsiProvider) {
    # $AdsiPath = "LDAP://$AdsiServer"
    # Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists('$AdsiPath')"
    # try {
    # $null = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists($AdsiPath)
    # $AdsiProvider = 'LDAP'
    # } catch { Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # $AdsiServer did not respond to LDAP" }
    #}
    #if (!$AdsiProvider) {
    # $AdsiProvider = 'none'
    #}

    return $AdsiProvider

}
function Find-LocalAdsiServerSid {

    param (

        # Name of the computer to query via CIM
        [string]$ComputerName,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer       = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $CimParams = @{
        CimCache          = $CimCache
        ComputerName      = $ThisHostName
        DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
        LogBuffer         = $LogBuffer
        ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
        ThisHostname      = $ThisHostname
        WhoAmI            = $WhoAmI
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CachedCimInstance -ComputerName '$ComputerName' -Query `"SELECT SID FROM Win32_UserAccount WHERE LocalAccount = 'True' AND SID LIKE 'S-1-5-21-%-500'`""
    $LocalAdminAccount = Get-CachedCimInstance -Query "SELECT SID FROM Win32_UserAccount WHERE LocalAccount = 'True' AND SID LIKE 'S-1-5-21-%-500'" -KeyProperty SID @CimParams

    if (-not $LocalAdminAccount) {
        return
    }

    return $LocalAdminAccount.SID.Substring(0, $LocalAdminAccount.SID.LastIndexOf("-"))

}
function Get-AdsiGroup {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get the directory entries for a group and its members using ADSI
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the ADSI components to search a directory for a group, then get its members
        Both the WinNT and LDAP providers are supported
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] for each group memeber
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiGroup -DirectoryPath 'WinNT://WORKGROUP/localhost' -GroupName Administrators
 
        Get members of the local Administrators group
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiGroup -GroupName Administrators
 
        On a domain-joined computer, this will get members of the domain's Administrators group
        On a workgroup computer, this will get members of the local Administrators group
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]

    param (

        <#
        Path to the directory object to retrieve
        Defaults to the root of the current domain
        #>
        [string]$DirectoryPath = (([System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new()).SearchRoot.Path),

        # Name (CN or Common Name) of the group to retrieve
        [string]$GroupName,

        # Properties of the group members to retrieve
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad = (@('Department', 'description', 'distinguishedName', 'grouptype', 'managedby', 'member', 'name', 'objectClass', 'objectSid', 'operatingSystem', 'primaryGroupToken', 'samAccountName', 'Title')),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{}))

    )

    $GroupParams = @{
        DirectoryPath       = $DirectoryPath
        PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
        LogBuffer           = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
        ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
        CimCache            = $CimCache
        DebugOutputStream   = $DebugOutputStream
    }

    $GroupMemberParams = @{
        PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        ThisHostName        = $ThisHostName
        ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
        LogBuffer           = $LogBuffer
        CimCache            = $CimCache
        WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
    }

    switch -Regex ($DirectoryPath) {
        '^WinNT' {
            $GroupParams['DirectoryPath'] = "$DirectoryPath/$GroupName"
            $GroupMemberParams['DirectoryEntry'] = Get-DirectoryEntry @GroupParams
            $FullMembers = Get-WinNTGroupMember @GroupMemberParams
        }
        '^$' {
            # This is expected for a workgroup computer
            $GroupParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://localhost/$GroupName"
            $GroupMemberParams['DirectoryEntry'] = Get-DirectoryEntry @GroupParams
            $FullMembers = Get-WinNTGroupMember @GroupMemberParams
        }
        default {
            if ($GroupName) {
                $GroupParams['Filter'] = "(&(objectClass=group)(cn=$GroupName))"
            } else {
                $GroupParams['Filter'] = '(objectClass=group)'
            }
            $GroupMemberParams['Group'] = Search-Directory @GroupParams
            $FullMembers = Get-AdsiGroupMember @GroupMemberParams
        }
    }

    $FullMembers

}
function Get-AdsiGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get members of a group from the LDAP provider
        .DESCRIPTION
        Use ADSI to get members of a group from the LDAP provider
        Return the group's DirectoryEntry plus a FullMembers property containing the member DirectoryEntries
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] plus a FullMembers property
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('LDAP://ad.contoso.com/CN=Administrators,CN=BuiltIn,DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com') | Get-AdsiGroupMember
 
        Get members of the domain Administrators group
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # Directory entry of the LDAP group whose members to get
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $Group,

        # Properties of the group members to find in the directory
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Perform a non-recursive search of the memberOf attribute
 
        Otherwise the search will be recursive by default
        #>
        [switch]$NoRecurse,

        <#
        Search the primaryGroupId attribute only
 
        Ignore the memberOf attribute
        #>
        [switch]$PrimaryGroupOnly,

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer       = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $PathRegEx = '(?<Path>LDAP:\/\/[^\/]*)'
        $DomainRegEx = '(?i)DC=\w{1,}?\b'

        $PropertiesToLoad += 'primaryGroupToken', 'objectSid', 'objectClass'

        $PropertiesToLoad = $PropertiesToLoad |
        Sort-Object -Unique

        $SearchParameters = @{
            PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            CimCache            = $CimCache
            ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
        }

        $CacheParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        }

    }
    process {

        foreach ($ThisGroup in $Group) {

            if (-not $ThisGroup.Properties['primaryGroupToken']) {
                $ThisGroup.RefreshCache('primaryGroupToken')
            }

            # The memberOf attribute does not reflect a user's Primary Group membership so the primaryGroupId attribute must be searched
            $primaryGroupIdFilter = "(primaryGroupId=$($ThisGroup.Properties['primaryGroupToken']))"

            if ($PrimaryGroupOnly) {
                $SearchParameters['Filter'] = $primaryGroupIdFilter
            } else {

                if ($NoRecurse) {
                    # Non-recursive search of the memberOf attribute
                    $MemberOfFilter = "(memberOf=$($ThisGroup.Properties['distinguishedname']))"
                } else {
                    # Recursive search of the memberOf attribute
                    $MemberOfFilter = "(memberOf:1.2.840.113556.1.4.1941:=$($ThisGroup.Properties['distinguishedname']))"
                }

                $SearchParameters['Filter'] = "(|$MemberOfFilter$primaryGroupIdFilter)"
            }

            if ($ThisGroup.Path -match $PathRegEx) {

                $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $Matches.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams

                if ($ThisGroup.Path -match $DomainRegEx) {
                    $Domain = ([regex]::Matches($ThisGroup.Path, $DomainRegEx) | ForEach-Object { $_.Value }) -join ','
                    $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$Domain" -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
                } else {
                    $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $ThisGroup.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
                }

            } else {
                $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $ThisGroup.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Search-Directory -DirectoryPath '$($SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'])' -Filter '$($SearchParameters['Filter'])'"

            $GroupMemberSearch = Search-Directory @SearchParameters
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($GroupMemberSearch.Count)' results for Search-Directory -DirectoryPath '$($SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'])' -Filter '$($SearchParameters['Filter'])'"

            if ($GroupMemberSearch.Count -gt 0) {

                $DirectoryEntryParams = @{
                    PropertiesToLoad  = $PropertiesToLoad
                    DomainsByFqdn     = $DomainsByFqdn
                    ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
                    CimCache          = $CimCache
                    DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
                }

                $CurrentADGroupMembers = [System.Collections.Generic.List[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]]::new()

                $MembersThatAreGroups = $GroupMemberSearch |
                Where-Object -FilterScript { $_.Properties['objectClass'] -contains 'group' }

                $DirectoryEntryParams = @{
                    PropertiesToLoad  = $PropertiesToLoad
                    DomainsByFqdn     = $DomainsByFqdn
                    ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
                    CimCache          = $CimCache
                    DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
                }
                if ($MembersThatAreGroups.Count -gt 0) {
                    $FilterBuilder = [System.Text.StringBuilder]::new("(|")

                    ForEach ($ThisMember in $MembersThatAreGroups) {
                        $null = $FilterBuilder.Append("(primaryGroupId=$($ThisMember.Properties['primaryGroupToken'])))")
                    }

                    $null = $FilterBuilder.Append(")")
                    $PrimaryGroupFilter = $FilterBuilder.ToString()
                    $SearchParameters['Filter'] = $PrimaryGroupFilter
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Search-Directory -DirectoryPath '$($SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'])' -Filter '$($SearchParameters['Filter'])'"
                    $PrimaryGroupMembers = Search-Directory @SearchParameters

                    ForEach ($ThisMember in $PrimaryGroupMembers) {
                        $FQDNPath = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $ThisMember.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
                        $DirectoryEntry = $null
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath '$FQDNPath'"

                        $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $FQDNPath @DirectoryEntryParams @CacheParams @LoggingParams
                        if ($DirectoryEntry) {
                            $null = $CurrentADGroupMembers.Add($DirectoryEntry)
                        }
                    }
                }

                ForEach ($ThisMember in $GroupMemberSearch) {
                    $FQDNPath = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $ThisMember.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
                    $DirectoryEntry = $null
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath '$FQDNPath'"
                    $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $FQDNPath @DirectoryEntryParams @CacheParams @LoggingParams
                    if ($DirectoryEntry) {
                        $null = $CurrentADGroupMembers.Add($DirectoryEntry)
                    }
                }

            } else {
                $CurrentADGroupMembers = $null
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($ThisGroup.Properties.name) has $(($CurrentADGroupMembers | Measure-Object).Count) members"

            $ProcessedGroupMembers = Expand-AdsiGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $CurrentADGroupMembers -CimCache $CimCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            Add-Member -InputObject $ThisGroup -MemberType NoteProperty -Name FullMembers -Value $ProcessedGroupMembers -Force -PassThru

        }
    }
}
function Get-AdsiServer {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get information about a directory server including the ADSI provider it hosts and its well-known SIDs
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the ADSI provider to query the server using LDAP first, then WinNT upon failure
        Uses WinRM to query the CIM class Win32_SystemAccount for well-known SIDs
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$Fqdn
        .OUTPUTS
        [PSCustomObject] with AdsiProvider and WellKnownSIDs properties
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn localhost
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the local computer
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn 'ad.contoso.com'
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the AD domain 'ad.contoso.com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]

    param (

        # IP address or hostname of the directory server whose ADSI provider type to determine
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$Fqdn,

        # NetBIOS name of the ADSI server whose information to determine
        [string[]]$Netbios,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName,AdsiProvider,Win32Accounts properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug',

        [switch]$RemoveCimSession

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer       = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $CacheParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        }

        $CimParams = @{
            CimCache          = $CimCache
            DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
            ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
        }

    }
    process {

        ForEach ($DomainFqdn in $Fqdn) {

            $OutputObject = $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainFqdn]

            if ($OutputObject) {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$DomainFqdn'"
                $OutputObject
                continue

            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer '$DomainFqdn' # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$DomainFqdn'"
            $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $DomainFqdn -CimCache $CimCache -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            $CacheParams['AdsiProvider'] = $AdsiProvider

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -DomainFQDN '$DomainFqdn' -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider'"
            $DomainDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -DomainFQDN $DomainFqdn -AdsiProvider $AdsiProvider @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DomainSidString -DomainDnsName '$DomainFqdn' -ThisFqdn '$ThisFqdn'"
            $DomainSid = ConvertTo-DomainSidString -DomainDnsName $DomainFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS -DomainFQDN '$DomainFqdn'"
            $DomainNetBIOS = ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS -DomainFQDN $DomainFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            <#
            PS C:\Users\Owner> wmic SYSACCOUNT get name,sid
                Name SID
                Everyone S-1-1-0
                LOCAL S-1-2-0
                CREATOR OWNER S-1-3-0
                CREATOR GROUP S-1-3-1
                CREATOR OWNER SERVER S-1-3-2
                CREATOR GROUP SERVER S-1-3-3
                OWNER RIGHTS S-1-3-4
                DIALUP S-1-5-1
                NETWORK S-1-5-2
                BATCH S-1-5-3
                INTERACTIVE S-1-5-4
                SERVICE S-1-5-6
                ANONYMOUS LOGON S-1-5-7
                PROXY S-1-5-8
                SYSTEM S-1-5-18
                ENTERPRISE DOMAIN CONTROLLERS S-1-5-9
                SELF S-1-5-10
                Authenticated Users S-1-5-11
                RESTRICTED S-1-5-12
                TERMINAL SERVER USER S-1-5-13
                REMOTE INTERACTIVE LOGON S-1-5-14
                IUSR S-1-5-17
                LOCAL SERVICE S-1-5-19
                NETWORK SERVICE S-1-5-20
                BUILTIN S-1-5-32
 
 
            PS C:\Users\Owner> ForEach ($SidType in [System.Security.Principal.WellKnownSidType].GetEnumNames()) {$var = [System.Security.Principal.WellKnownSidType]::$SidType; [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($var,$LogonDomainSid) |Add-Member -PassThru -NotePropertyMembers @{'WellKnownSidType' = $SidType}}
 
                # PS 5.1 returns fewer results than PS 7.4
                    WellKnownSidType BinaryLength AccountDomainSid Value
                    ---------------- ------------ ---------------- -----
                    NullSid 12 S-1-0-0
                    WorldSid 12 S-1-1-0
                    LocalSid 12 S-1-2-0
                    CreatorOwnerSid 12 S-1-3-0
                    CreatorGroupSid 12 S-1-3-1
                    CreatorOwnerServerSid 12 S-1-3-2
                    CreatorGroupServerSid 12 S-1-3-3
                    NTAuthoritySid 8 S-1-5
                    DialupSid 12 S-1-5-1
                    NetworkSid 12 S-1-5-2
                    BatchSid 12 S-1-5-3
                    InteractiveSid 12 S-1-5-4
                    ServiceSid 12 S-1-5-6
                    AnonymousSid 12 S-1-5-7
                    ProxySid 12 S-1-5-8
                    EnterpriseControllersSid 12 S-1-5-9
                    SelfSid 12 S-1-5-10
                    AuthenticatedUserSid 12 S-1-5-11
                    RestrictedCodeSid 12 S-1-5-12
                    TerminalServerSid 12 S-1-5-13
                    RemoteLogonIdSid 12 S-1-5-14
                    Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "Well-known SIDs of type LogonIdsSid cannot be created.
                    Parameter name: sidType"
                    At line:1 char:147
                    + ... ::$SidType; [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($var, ...
                    + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                        + CategoryInfo : NotSpecified: (:) [], MethodInvocationException
                        + FullyQualifiedErrorId : ArgumentException
 
                    LocalSystemSid 12 S-1-5-18
                    LocalServiceSid 12 S-1-5-19
                    NetworkServiceSid 12 S-1-5-20
                    BuiltinDomainSid 12 S-1-5-32
                    BuiltinAdministratorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-544
                    BuiltinUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-545
                    BuiltinGuestsSid 16 S-1-5-32-546
                    BuiltinPowerUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-547
                    BuiltinAccountOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-548
                    BuiltinSystemOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-549
                    BuiltinPrintOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-550
                    BuiltinBackupOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-551
                    BuiltinReplicatorSid 16 S-1-5-32-552
                    BuiltinPreWindows2000CompatibleAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-554
                    BuiltinRemoteDesktopUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-555
                    BuiltinNetworkConfigurationOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-556
                    AccountAdministratorSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-500
                    AccountGuestSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-501
                    AccountKrbtgtSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-502
                    AccountDomainAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-512
                    AccountDomainUsersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-513
                    AccountDomainGuestsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-514
                    AccountComputersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-515
                    AccountControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-516
                    AccountCertAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-517
                    AccountSchemaAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-518
                    AccountEnterpriseAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-519
                    AccountPolicyAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-520
                    AccountRasAndIasServersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-553
                    NtlmAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-10
                    DigestAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-21
                    SChannelAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-14
                    ThisOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-15
                    OtherOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-1000
                    BuiltinIncomingForestTrustBuildersSid 16 S-1-5-32-557
                    BuiltinPerformanceMonitoringUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-558
                    BuiltinPerformanceLoggingUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-559
                    BuiltinAuthorizationAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-560
                    WinBuiltinTerminalServerLicenseServersSid 16 S-1-5-32-561
                    MaxDefined 16 S-1-5-32-561
 
                # PS 7 returns more results
                    WellKnownSidType BinaryLength AccountDomainSid Value
                    ---------------- ------------ ---------------- -----
                    NullSid 12 S-1-0-0
                    WorldSid 12 S-1-1-0
                    LocalSid 12 S-1-2-0
                    CreatorOwnerSid 12 S-1-3-0
                    CreatorGroupSid 12 S-1-3-1
                    CreatorOwnerServerSid 12 S-1-3-2
                    CreatorGroupServerSid 12 S-1-3-3
                    NTAuthoritySid 8 S-1-5
                    DialupSid 12 S-1-5-1
                    NetworkSid 12 S-1-5-2
                    BatchSid 12 S-1-5-3
                    InteractiveSid 12 S-1-5-4
                    ServiceSid 12 S-1-5-6
                    AnonymousSid 12 S-1-5-7
                    ProxySid 12 S-1-5-8
                    EnterpriseControllersSid 12 S-1-5-9
                    SelfSid 12 S-1-5-10
                    AuthenticatedUserSid 12 S-1-5-11
                    RestrictedCodeSid 12 S-1-5-12
                    TerminalServerSid 12 S-1-5-13
                    RemoteLogonIdSid 12 S-1-5-14
                    MethodInvocationException: Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "Well-known SIDs of type LogonIdsSid cannot be created. (Parameter 'sidType')"
                    LocalSystemSid 12 S-1-5-18
                    LocalServiceSid 12 S-1-5-19
                    NetworkServiceSid 12 S-1-5-20
                    BuiltinDomainSid 12 S-1-5-32
                    BuiltinAdministratorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-544
                    BuiltinUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-545
                    BuiltinGuestsSid 16 S-1-5-32-546
                    BuiltinPowerUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-547
                    BuiltinAccountOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-548
                    BuiltinSystemOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-549
                    BuiltinPrintOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-550
                    BuiltinBackupOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-551
                    BuiltinReplicatorSid 16 S-1-5-32-552
                    BuiltinPreWindows2000CompatibleAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-554
                    BuiltinRemoteDesktopUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-555
                    BuiltinNetworkConfigurationOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-556
                    AccountAdministratorSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-500
                    AccountGuestSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-501
                    AccountKrbtgtSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-502
                    AccountDomainAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-512
                    AccountDomainUsersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-513
                    AccountDomainGuestsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-514
                    AccountComputersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-515
                    AccountControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-516
                    AccountCertAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-517
                    AccountSchemaAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-518
                    AccountEnterpriseAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-519
                    AccountPolicyAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-520
                    AccountRasAndIasServersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-553
                    NtlmAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-10
                    DigestAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-21
                    SChannelAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-14
                    ThisOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-15
                    OtherOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-1000
                    BuiltinIncomingForestTrustBuildersSid 16 S-1-5-32-557
                    BuiltinPerformanceMonitoringUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-558
                    BuiltinPerformanceLoggingUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-559
                    BuiltinAuthorizationAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-560
                    WinBuiltinTerminalServerLicenseServersSid 16 S-1-5-32-561
                    MaxDefined 16 S-1-5-32-561
                    WinBuiltinDCOMUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-562
                    WinBuiltinIUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-568
                    WinIUserSid 12 S-1-5-17
                    WinBuiltinCryptoOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-569
                    WinUntrustedLabelSid 12 S-1-16-0
                    WinLowLabelSid 12 S-1-16-4096
                    WinMediumLabelSid 12 S-1-16-8192
                    WinHighLabelSid 12 S-1-16-12288
                    WinSystemLabelSid 12 S-1-16-16384
                    WinWriteRestrictedCodeSid 12 S-1-5-33
                    WinCreatorOwnerRightsSid 12 S-1-3-4
                    WinCacheablePrincipalsGroupSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-571
                    WinNonCacheablePrincipalsGroupSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-572
                    WinEnterpriseReadonlyControllersSid 12 S-1-5-22
                    WinAccountReadonlyControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-521
                    WinBuiltinEventLogReadersGroup 16 S-1-5-32-573
                    WinNewEnterpriseReadonlyControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-498
                    WinBuiltinCertSvcDComAccessGroup 16 S-1-5-32-574
                    WinMediumPlusLabelSid 12 S-1-16-8448
                    MethodInvocationException: Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "The parameter is incorrect. (Parameter 'sidType/domainSid')"
                    WinConsoleLogonSid 12 S-1-2-1
                    WinThisOrganizationCertificateSid 16 S-1-5-65-1
                    MethodInvocationException: Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "The parameter is incorrect. (Parameter 'sidType/domainSid')"
                    WinBuiltinAnyPackageSid 16 S-1-15-2-1
                    WinCapabilityInternetClientSid 16 S-1-15-3-1
                    WinCapabilityInternetClientServerSid 16 S-1-15-3-2
                    WinCapabilityPrivateNetworkClientServerSid 16 S-1-15-3-3
                    WinCapabilityPicturesLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-4
                    WinCapabilityVideosLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-5
                    WinCapabilityMusicLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-6
                    WinCapabilityDocumentsLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-7
                    WinCapabilitySharedUserCertificatesSid 16 S-1-15-3-9
                    WinCapabilityEnterpriseAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-15-3-8
                    WinCapabilityRemovableStorageSid 16 S-1-15-3-10
            #>

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CachedCimInstance -ComputerName '$DomainFqdn' -ClassName 'Win32_Account'"
            $Win32Accounts = Get-CachedCimInstance -ComputerName $DomainFqdn -ClassName 'Win32_Account' -KeyProperty Caption -CacheByProperty @('Caption', 'SID') @CimParams @LoggingParams

            $OutputObject = [PSCustomObject]@{
                DistinguishedName = $DomainDn
                Dns               = $DomainFqdn
                Sid               = $DomainSid
                Netbios           = $DomainNetBIOS
                AdsiProvider      = $AdsiProvider
                Win32Accounts     = $Win32Accounts
            }

            $DomainsBySid[$OutputObject.Sid] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByNetbios[$OutputObject.Netbios] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainFqdn] = $OutputObject
            $OutputObject

        }

        ForEach ($DomainNetbios in $Netbios) {

            $OutputObject = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetbios]

            if ($OutputObject) {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$DomainNetbios'"
                $OutputObject
                continue

            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CachedCimSession -ComputerName '$DomainNetbios' # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$DomainNetbios'"
            $CimSession = Get-CachedCimSession -ComputerName $DomainNetbios -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer '$DomainDnsName' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
            $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $DomainDnsName -CimCache $CimCache -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            $CacheParams['AdsiProvider'] = $AdsiProvider

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain '$DomainNetBIOS'"
            $DomainDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain $DomainNetBIOS -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios @LoggingParams

            if ($DomainDn) {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName '$DomainDn' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
                $DomainDnsName = ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName $DomainDn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams

            } else {

                $ParentDomainDnsName = Get-ParentDomainDnsName -DomainsByNetbios $DomainNetBIOS -CimSession $CimSession -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
                $DomainDnsName = "$DomainNetBIOS.$ParentDomainDnsName"

            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DomainSidString -DomainDnsName '$DomainFqdn' -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider' -ThisFqdn '$ThisFqdn' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
            $DomainSid = ConvertTo-DomainSidString -DomainDnsName $DomainDnsName -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CachedCimInstance -ComputerName '$DomainDnsName' -ClassName 'Win32_Account' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
            $Win32Accounts = Get-CachedCimInstance -ComputerName $DomainFqdn -ClassName 'Win32_Account' -KeyProperty Caption -CacheByProperty @('Caption', 'SID') @CimParams @LoggingParams

            if ($RemoveCimSession) {
                Remove-CimSession -CimSession $CimSession
            }

            $OutputObject = [PSCustomObject]@{
                DistinguishedName = $DomainDn
                Dns               = $DomainDnsName
                Sid               = $DomainSid
                Netbios           = $DomainNetBIOS
                AdsiProvider      = $AdsiProvider
                Win32Accounts     = $Win32Accounts
            }

            $DomainsBySid[$OutputObject.Sid] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByNetbios[$OutputObject.Netbios] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByFqdn[$OutputObject.Dns] = $OutputObject
            $OutputObject

        }

    }

}
function Get-CurrentDomain {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use ADSI to get the current domain
        .DESCRIPTION
        Works only on domain-joined systems, otherwise returns nothing
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] The current domain
 
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-CurrentDomain
 
        Get the domain of the current computer
    #>

    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]

    param (

        # Name of the computer to query via CIM
        [string]$ComputerName,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $CimParams = @{
        CimCache          = $CimCache
        ComputerName      = $ComputerName
        DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
        LogBuffer       = $LogBuffer
        ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
        ThisHostname      = $ThisHostname
        WhoAmI            = $WhoAmI
    }

    $Comp = Get-CachedCimInstance -ClassName Win32_ComputerSystem -KeyProperty Name @CimParams

    if ($Comp.Domain -eq 'WORKGROUP') {

        # Use CIM to find the domain
        $SIDString = Find-LocalAdsiServerSid @CimParams
        $SID = $SIDString | ConvertTo-SidByteArray

        $OutputProperties = @{
            SIDString         = $SIDString
            ObjectSid         = [PSCustomObject]@{
                Value = $Sid
            }
            DistinguishedName = [PSCustomObject]@{
                Value = "DC=$ComputerName"
            }
        }

    } else {

        # Use ADSI to find the domain

        $CurrentDomain = [adsi]::new()
        $null = $CurrentDomain.RefreshCache('objectSid')

        # Convert the objectSID attribute (byte array) to a security descriptor string formatted according to SDDL syntax (Security Descriptor Definition Language)
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text '[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$CurrentDomain.objectSid.Value, 0)'
        $OutputProperties = @{
            SIDString = & { [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$CurrentDomain.objectSid.Value, 0) } 2>$null
        }

        # Get any existing properties for inclusion later
        $InputProperties = (Get-Member -InputObject $CurrentDomain[0] -MemberType Property, CodeProperty, ScriptProperty, NoteProperty).Name

        # Include any existing properties found earlier
        ForEach ($ThisProperty in $InputProperties) {
            $OutputProperties[$ThisProperty] = $ThisPrincipal.$ThisProperty
        }

    }

    # Output the object
    return [PSCustomObject]$OutputProperties

}
function Get-DirectoryEntry {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use Active Directory Service Interfaces to retrieve an object from a directory
        .DESCRIPTION
        Retrieve a directory entry using either the WinNT or LDAP provider for ADSI
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] where possible
        [PSCustomObject] for security principals with no directory entry
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-DirectoryEntry
        distinguishedName : {DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com}
        Path : LDAP://DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com
 
        As the current user on a domain-joined computer, bind to the current domain and retrieve the DirectoryEntry for the root of the domain
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-DirectoryEntry
        distinguishedName :
        Path : WinNT://ComputerName
 
        As the current user on a workgroup computer, bind to the local system and retrieve the DirectoryEntry for the root of the directory
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry], [PSCustomObject])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (

        <#
        Path to the directory object to retrieve
        Defaults to the root of the current domain
        #>
        [string]$DirectoryPath = (([System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new()).SearchRoot.Path),

        <#
        Credentials to use to bind to the directory
        Defaults to the credentials of the current user
        #>
        [pscredential]$Credential,

        # Properties of the target object to retrieve
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain FQDNs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        # This is not actually used but is here so the parameter can be included in a splat shared with other functions
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer       = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $DirectoryEntry = $null
    if ($null -eq $DirectoryEntryCache[$DirectoryPath]) {
        switch -regex ($DirectoryPath) {
            <#
            The WinNT provider only throws an error if you try to retrieve certain accounts/identities
            We will create own dummy objects instead of performing the query
            #>
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/CREATOR OWNER$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/SYSTEM$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/INTERACTIVE$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/Authenticated Users$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/TrustedInstaller$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/Everyone$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/LOCAL SERVICE$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/NETWORK SERVICE$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            # Workgroup computers do not return a DirectoryEntry with a SearchRoot Path so this ends up being an empty string
            # This is also invoked when DirectoryPath is null for any reason
            # We will return a WinNT object representing the local computer's WinNT directory
            '^$' {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$ThisHostname' does not seem to be domain-joined since the SearchRoot Path is empty. Defaulting to WinNT provider for localhost instead."

                $CimParams = @{
                    CimCache          = $CimCache
                    ComputerName      = $ThisFqdn
                    DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
                    ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
                }
                $Workgroup = (Get-CachedCimInstance -ClassName 'Win32_ComputerSystem' -KeyProperty Name @CimParams @LoggingParams).Workgroup

                $DirectoryPath = "WinNT://$Workgroup/$ThisHostname"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('$DirectoryPath')"
                if ($Credential) {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath, $($Credential.UserName), $($Credential.GetNetworkCredential().password))
                } else {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath)
                }

                $SampleUser = @($DirectoryEntry.PSBase.Children |
                    Where-Object -FilterScript { $_.schemaclassname -eq 'user' })[0] |
                Add-SidInfo -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams

                $DirectoryEntry |
                Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name 'Domain' -Value $SampleUser.Domain -Force

            }
            # Otherwise the DirectoryPath is an LDAP path or a WinNT path (treated the same at this stage)
            default {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('$DirectoryPath')"
                if ($Credential) {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath, $($Credential.UserName), $($Credential.GetNetworkCredential().password))
                } else {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath)
                }

            }

        }

        $DirectoryEntryCache[$DirectoryPath] = $DirectoryEntry
    } else {
        #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "DirectoryEntryCache hit for '$DirectoryPath'"
        $DirectoryEntry = $DirectoryEntryCache[$DirectoryPath]
    }

    if ($PropertiesToLoad) {
        try {
            # If the $DirectoryPath was invalid, this line will return an error
            $null = $DirectoryEntry.RefreshCache($PropertiesToLoad)

        } catch {
            $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat

            # Ensure that the error message appears on 1 line
            # Use .Trim() to remove leading and trailing whitespace
            # Use -replace to remove an errant line break in the following specific error I encountered: The following exception occurred while retrieving member "RefreshCache": "The group name could not be found.`r`n"
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$DirectoryPath' could not be retrieved. Error: $($_.Exception.Message.Trim() -replace '\s"',' "')"

            return
        }
    }
    return $DirectoryEntry

}
function Get-ParentDomainDnsName {
    param (

        # NetBIOS name of the domain whose parent domain DNS to return
        [string]$DomainNetbios,

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Existing CIM session to the computer (to avoid creating redundant CIM sessions)
        [CimSession]$CimSession,

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug',

        [switch]$RemoveCimSession

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    if (-not $CimSession) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CachedCimSession -ComputerName '$DomainNetbios'"
        $CimSession = Get-CachedCimSession -ComputerName $DomainNetbios -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "((Get-CachedCimInstance -ComputerName '$DomainNetbios' -ClassName CIM_ComputerSystem -ThisFqdn '$ThisFqdn').domain # for '$DomainNetbios'"
    $ParentDomainDnsName = (Get-CachedCimInstance -ComputerName $DomainNetbios -ClassName CIM_ComputerSystem -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -KeyProperty Name -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams).domain

    if ($ParentDomainDnsName -eq 'WORKGROUP' -or $null -eq $ParentDomainDnsName) {
        # For workgroup computers there is no parent domain DNS (workgroups operate on NetBIOS)
        # There could also be unexpeted scenarios where the parent domain DNS is null
        # In all of these cases, we will use the primary DNS search suffix (that is where the OS would attempt to register DNS records for the computer)
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "(Get-DnsClientGlobalSetting -CimSession `$CimSession).SuffixSearchList[0] # for '$DomainNetbios'"
        $ParentDomainDnsName = (Get-DnsClientGlobalSetting -CimSession $CimSession).SuffixSearchList[0]
    }

    if ($RemoveCimSession) {
        Remove-CimSession -CimSession $CimSession
    }

    return $ParentDomainDnsName
}
function Get-TrustedDomain {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Returns a dictionary of trusted domains by the current computer
        .DESCRIPTION
        Works only on domain-joined systems
        Use nltest to get the domain trust relationships for the domain of the current computer
        Use ADSI's LDAP provider to get each trusted domain's DNS name, NETBIOS name, and SID
        For each trusted domain the key is the domain's SID, or its NETBIOS name if the -KeyByNetbios switch parameter was used
        For each trusted domain the value contains the details retrieved with ADSI
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [PSCustomObject] One object per trusted domain, each with a DomainFqdn property and a DomainNetbios property
 
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-TrustedDomain
 
        Get the trusted domains of the current computer
        .NOTES
    #>
    [OutputType([PSCustomObject])]
    param (

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        $ThisHostname = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer       = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    # Errors are expected on non-domain-joined systems
    # Redirecting the error stream to null only suppresses the error in the console; it will still be in the transcript
    # Instead, redirect the error stream to the output stream and filter out the errors by type
    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$('& nltest /domain_trusts 2>&1')"
    $nltestresults = & nltest /domain_trusts 2>&1

    $RegExForEachTrust = '(?<index>[\d]*): (?<netbios>\S*) (?<dns>\S*).*'
    ForEach ($Result in $nltestresults) {
        if ($Result.GetType() -eq [string]) {
            if ($Result -match $RegExForEachTrust) {
                [PSCustomObject]@{
                    DomainFqdn    = $Matches.dns
                    DomainNetbios = $Matches.netbios
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
function Get-WinNTGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get members of a group from the WinNT provider
        .DESCRIPTION
        Get members of a group from the WinNT provider
        Convert them from COM objects into usable DirectoryEntry objects
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] for each group member
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators') | Get-WinNTGroupMember
 
        Get members of the local Administrators group
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # DirectoryEntry [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] of the WinNT group whose members to get
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $DirectoryEntry,

        # Properties of the group members to find in the directory
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = $DebugOutputStream
            Buffer       = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $PropertiesToLoad += 'Department',
        'description',
        'distinguishedName',
        'grouptype',
        'managedby',
        'member',
        'name',
        'objectClass',
        'objectSid',
        'operatingSystem',
        'primaryGroupToken',
        'samAccountName',
        'Title'

        $PropertiesToLoad = $PropertiesToLoad |
        Sort-Object -Unique

    }
    process {
ForEach ($ThisDirEntry in $DirectoryEntry) {
    $SourceDomain = $ThisDirEntry.Path | Split-Path -Parent | Split-Path -Leaf
    # Retrieve the members of local groups
    if ($null -ne $ThisDirEntry.Properties['groupType'] -or $ThisDirEntry.schemaclassname -eq 'group') {
        # Assembly: System.DirectoryServices.dll
        # Namespace: System.DirectoryServices
        # DirectoryEntry.Invoke(String, Object[]) Method
        # Calls a method on the native Active Directory Domain Services object
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.directoryservices.directoryentry.invoke?view=dotnet-plat-ext-6.0

        # I am using it to call the IADsGroup::Members method
        # The IADsGroup programming interface is part of the iads.h header
        # The iads.h header is part of the ADSI component of the Win32 API
        # The IADsGroup::Members method retrieves a collection of the immediate members of the group.
        # The collection does not include the members of other groups that are nested within the group.
        # The default implementation of this method uses LsaLookupSids to query name information for the group members.
        # LsaLookupSids has a maximum limitation of 20480 SIDs it can convert, therefore that limitation also applies to this method.
        # Returns a pointer to an IADsMembers interface pointer that receives the collection of group members. The caller must release this interface when it is no longer required.
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/nf-iads-iadsgroup-members
        # The IADsMembers::Members method would use the same provider but I have chosen not to implement that here
        # Recursion through nested groups can be handled outside of Get-WinNTGroupMember for now
        # Maybe that could be a feature in the future
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/adsi/adsi-object-model-for-winnt-providers?redirectedfrom=MSDN
        $DirectoryMembers = & { $ThisDirEntry.Invoke('Members') } 2>$null
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($ThisDirEntry.Path)' has $(($DirectoryMembers | Measure-Object).Count) members # For $($ThisDirEntry.Path)"
        $MembersToGet = @{
            'WinNTMembers' = @()
        }
        $MemberParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            LogBuffer           = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
            CimCache            = $CimCache
            ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
        }
        ForEach ($DirectoryMember in $DirectoryMembers) {
            # The IADsGroup::Members method returns ComObjects
            # But proper .Net objects are much easier to work with
            # So we will convert the ComObjects into DirectoryEntry objects
            $DirectoryPath = Invoke-ComObject -ComObject $DirectoryMember -Property 'ADsPath'
            $MemberDomainDn = $null
            if ($DirectoryPath -match 'WinNT:\/\/(?<Domain>[^\/]*)\/(?<Acct>.*$)') {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' has a domain of '$($Matches.Domain)' and an account name of '$($Matches.Acct)'"
                $MemberName = $Matches.Acct
                $MemberDomainNetbios = $Matches.Domain

                $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$MemberDomainNetbios]
                if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$MemberDomainNetBios'"
                    if ( "WinNT:\\$MemberDomainNetbios" -ne $SourceDomain ) {
                        $MemberDomainDn = $DomainCacheResult.DistinguishedName
                    }
                } else {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$MemberDomainNetBios'. Available keys: $($DomainsByNetBios.Keys -join ',')"
                }
                if ($DirectoryPath -match 'WinNT:\/\/(?<Domain>[^\/]*)\/(?<Middle>[^\/]*)\/(?<Acct>.*$)') {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' is named '$($Matches.Acct)' and is on ADSI server '$($Matches.Middle)' joined to the domain '$($Matches.Domain)'"
                    if ($Matches.Middle -eq ($ThisDirEntry.Path | Split-Path -Parent | Split-Path -Leaf)) {
                        $MemberDomainDn = $null
                    }
                }
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' does not match 'WinNT:\/\/(?<Domain>[^\/]*)\/(?<Acct>.*$)'"
            }

            # LDAP directories have a distinguishedName
            if ($MemberDomainDn) {
                # LDAP directories support searching
                # Combine all members' samAccountNames into a single search per directory distinguishedName
                # Use a hashtable with the directory path as the key and a string as the definition
                # The string is a partial LDAP filter, just the segments of the LDAP filter for each samAccountName
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$MemberName' is a domain security principal"
                $MembersToGet["LDAP://$MemberDomainDn"] += "(samaccountname=$MemberName)"
            } else {
                # WinNT directories do not support searching so we will retrieve each member individually
                # Use a hashtable with 'WinNTMembers' as the key and an array of WinNT directory paths as the value
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' is a local security principal"
                $MembersToGet['WinNTMembers'] += $DirectoryPath
            }

        }

        # Get and Expand the directory entries for the WinNT group members
        ForEach ($ThisMember in $MembersToGet['WinNTMembers']) {
            $MemberParams['DirectoryPath'] = $ThisMember
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath '$DirectoryPath'"
            $MemberDirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry @MemberParams
            Expand-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $MemberDirectoryEntry -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
        }

        # Remove the WinNTMembers key from the hashtable so the only remaining keys are distinguishedName(s) of LDAP directories
        $MembersToGet.Remove('WinNTMembers')

        # Get and Expand the directory entries for the LDAP group members
        $MembersToGet.Keys |
        ForEach-Object {
            $MemberParams['DirectoryPath'] = $_
            $MemberParams['Filter'] = "(|$($MembersToGet[$_]))"
            $MemberDirectoryEntries = Search-Directory @MemberParams
            Expand-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $MemberDirectoryEntries -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
        }
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($ThisDirEntry.Path)' is not a group"
    }
}
}

}
function Invoke-ComObject {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Invoke a member method of a ComObject [__ComObject]
        .DESCRIPTION
        Use the InvokeMember method to invoke the InvokeMethod or GetProperty or SetProperty methods
        By default, invokes the GetProperty method for the specified Property
        If the Value parameter is specified, invokes the SetProperty method for the specified Property
        If the Method switch is specified, invokes the InvokeMethod method
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        The output of the invoked method is returned directly
        .EXAMPLE
        $ComObject = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators').Invoke('Members') | Select -First 1
        Invoke-ComObject -ComObject $ComObject -Property AdsPath
 
        Get the first member of the local Administrators group on the current computer
        Then use Invoke-ComObject to invoke the GetProperty method and return the value of the AdsPath property
    #>
    param (

        # The ComObject whose member method to invoke
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        $ComObject,

        # The property to use with the invoked method
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [String]$Property,

        # The value to set with the SetProperty method, or the name of the method to run with the InvokeMethod method
        $Value,

        # Use the InvokeMethod method of the ComObject
        [Switch]$Method

    )
    <#
    # Don't remember what this is for
    If ($ComObject -IsNot "__ComObject") {
        If (!$ComInvoke) {
            $Global:ComInvoke = @{}
        }
        If (!$ComInvoke.$ComObject) {
            $ComInvoke.$ComObject = New-Object -ComObject $ComObject
        }
        $ComObject = $ComInvoke.$ComObject
    }
    #>
    If ($Method) {
        $Invoke = "InvokeMethod"
    } ElseIf ($MyInvocation.BoundParameters.ContainsKey("Value")) {
        $Invoke = "SetProperty"
    } Else {
        $Invoke = "GetProperty"
    }
    [__ComObject].InvokeMember($Property, $Invoke, $Null, $ComObject, $Value)
}
function New-FakeDirectoryEntry {

    <#
    Used in place of a DirectoryEntry for certain WinNT security principals that do not have objects in the directory
    The WinNT provider only throws an error if you try to retrieve certain accounts/identities
    #>

    param (
        [string]$DirectoryPath
    )

    $LastSlashIndex = $DirectoryPath.LastIndexOf('/')
    $StartIndex = $LastSlashIndex + 1
    $Name = $DirectoryPath.Substring($StartIndex, $DirectoryPath.Length - $StartIndex)
    $Parent = $DirectoryPath.Substring(0, $LastSlashIndex)
    $Path = $DirectoryPath
    $SchemaEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]
    switch -regex ($DirectoryPath) {

        'CREATOR OWNER$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-3-0'
            $Description = 'A SID to be replaced by the SID of the user who creates a new object. This SID is used in inheritable ACEs.'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'SYSTEM$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-18'
            $Description = 'By default, the SYSTEM account is granted Full Control permissions to all files on an NTFS volume'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'INTERACTIVE$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-4'
            $Description = 'Users who log on for interactive operation. This is a group identifier added to the token of a process when it was logged on interactively.'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'Authenticated Users$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-11'
            $Description = 'Any user who accesses the system through a sign-in process has the Authenticated Users identity.'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'TrustedInstaller$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-80-956008885-3418522649-1831038044-1853292631-2271478464'
            $Description = 'Most of the operating system files are owned by the TrustedInstaller security identifier (SID)'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-1'
            $Description = 'All applications running in an app package context. SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_PACKAGE'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-2'
            $Description = 'SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_RESTRICTED_PACKAGE'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'Everyone$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-1-0'
            $Description = "A group that includes all users; aka 'World'."
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'LOCAL SERVICE$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-19'
            $Description = 'A local service account'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'NETWORK SERVICE$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-20'
            $Description = 'A network service account'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
    }

    $Properties = @{
        Name            = $Name
        Description     = $Description
        objectSid       = $objectSid
        SchemaClassName = $SchemaClassName
    }

    $Object = [PSCustomObject]@{
        Name            = $Name
        Description     = $Description
        objectSid       = $objectSid
        SchemaClassName = $SchemaClassName
        Parent          = $Parent
        Path            = $Path
        SchemaEntry     = $SchemaEntry
        Properties      = $Properties
    }

    Add-Member -InputObject $Object -Name RefreshCache -MemberType ScriptMethod -Value {}
    Add-Member -InputObject $Object -Name Invoke -MemberType ScriptMethod -Value {}
    return $Object

}
function Resolve-IdentityReference {
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Use ADSI to lookup info about IdentityReferences from Access Control Entries that came from Discretionary Access Control Lists
    .DESCRIPTION
    Based on the IdentityReference proprety of each Access Control Entry:
    Resolve SID to NT account name and vise-versa
    Resolve well-known SIDs
    Resolve generic defaults like 'NT AUTHORITY' and 'BUILTIN' to the applicable computer or domain name
    .INPUTS
    None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
    .OUTPUTS
    [PSCustomObject] with IdentityReferenceNetBios,IdentityReferenceDns, and SIDString properties (each strings)
    .EXAMPLE
    Resolve-IdentityReference -IdentityReference 'BUILTIN\Administrator' -AdsiServer (Get-AdsiServer 'localhost')
 
    Get information about the local Administrator account
    #>
    [OutputType([PSCustomObject])]
    param (
        # IdentityReference from an Access Control Entry
        # Expecting either a SID (S-1-5-18) or an NT account name (CONTOSO\User)
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$IdentityReference,

        # Object from Get-AdsiServer representing the directory server and its attributes
        [PSObject]$AdsiServer,

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache known servers to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$AdsiServersByDns = [hashtable]::Synchronized(@{}),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer       = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $GetDirectoryEntryParams = @{
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
    }

    $ServerNetBIOS = $AdsiServer.Netbios

    # Many Well-Known SIDs cannot be translated with the Translate method
    # Instead Get-AdsiServer used CIM to find instances of the Win32_Account class on the server
    # and update the Win32_AccountBySID and Win32_AccountByCaption caches
    # Search the caches now
    $CacheResult = $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountBySID'][$IdentityReference]

    if ($CacheResult) {

        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # 'Win32_AccountBySID' cache hit for '$IdentityReference' on '$ServerNetBios'"

        return [PSCustomObject]@{
            IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
            SIDString                = $CacheResult.SID
            IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\" # required for ps 5.1 support
            #IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) # PS 7 more efficient
            IdentityReferenceDns     = "$($AdsiServer.Dns)\$($CacheResult.Name)"
        }

    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # 'Win32_AccountBySID' cache miss for '$IdentityReference' on '$ServerNetBIOS'"
    }

    $split = $IdentityReference.Split('\')
    $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
    $Name = $split[1]

    if ($Name) {

        # A Win32_Account's Caption property is a NetBIOS-resolved IdentityReference
        # NT Authority\SYSTEM would be SERVER123\SYSTEM as a Win32_Account on a server with hostname server123
        # This could also match on a domain account since those can be returned as Win32_Account, not sure if that will be a bug or what
        $CacheResult = $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountByCaption']["$ServerNetBIOS\$Name"]

        if ($CacheResult) {

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache hit for '$ServerNetBIOS\$Name' on '$ServerNetBIOS'"

            if ($ServerNetBIOS -eq $CacheResult.Domain) {
                $DomainDns = $AdsiServer.Dns
            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {

                $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$CacheResult.Domain]

                if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$($CacheResult.Domain)'"
                    $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
                } else {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$($CacheResult.Domain)'"
                }

            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {

                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $DomainNetBIOS -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                $DomainDn = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS].DistinguishedName

            }

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                = $CacheResult.SID
                IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\" # required for ps 5.1 support
                # PS 7 more efficient IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
                IdentityReferenceDns     = "$DomainDns\$($CacheResult.Name)"
            }

        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache miss for '$ServerNetBIOS\$Name' on '$ServerNetBIOS'"
        }

    }

    $CacheResult = $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountByCaption']["$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference"]

    if ($CacheResult) {

        # IdentityReference is an NT Account Name without a \, and has been cached from this server
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache hit for '$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference' on '$ServerNetBIOS'"

        return [PSCustomObject]@{
            IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
            SIDString                = $CacheResult.SID
            IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\", "$ThisHostname\") # required for ps 5.1 support
            # PS 7 more efficient IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
            IdentityReferenceDns     = "$($AdsiServer.Dns)\$($CacheResult.Name)"
        }

    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache miss for '$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference' on '$ServerNetBIOS'"
    }

    # If no match was found in any cache, the path forward depends on the IdentityReference
    switch -Wildcard ($IdentityReference) {

        "S-1-*" {

            # IdentityReference is a Revision 1 SID

            <#
            Use the SecurityIdentifier.Translate() method to translate the SID to an NT Account name
                This .Net method makes it impossible to redirect the error stream directly
                Wrapping it in a scriptblock (which is then executed with &) fixes the problem
                I don't understand exactly why
                The scriptblock will evaluate null if the SID cannot be translated, and the error stream redirection supresses the error (except in the transcript which catches it)
            #>
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('$IdentityReference').Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount])"
            $SecurityIdentifier = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($IdentityReference)
            $NTAccount = & { $SecurityIdentifier.Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]).Value } 2>$null
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Translated NTAccount name for '$IdentityReference' is '$NTAccount'"

            # The SID of the domain is everything up to (but not including) the last hyphen
            $DomainSid = $IdentityReference.Substring(0, $IdentityReference.LastIndexOf("-"))

            # Search the cache of domains, first by SID, then by NetBIOS name
            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsBySID[$DomainSid]

            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID cache hit for '$DomainSid'"
            } else {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID cache miss for '$DomainSid'"
                $split = $NTAccount -split '\\'
                $DomainFromSplit = $split[0]

                if (

                    $DomainFromSplit.Contains(' ') -or
                    $DomainFromSplit.Contains('BUILTIN\')

                ) {

                    $NameFromSplit = $split[1]
                    $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
                    $Caption = "$ServerNetBIOS\$NameFromSplit"

                    # Update the caches
                    $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                        SID     = $IdentityReference
                        Caption = $Caption
                        Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                        Name    = $NameFromSplit
                    }

                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$Caption' to the 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
                    $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountByCaption'][$Caption] = $Win32Acct

                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$IdentityReference' to the 'Win32_AccountBySID' cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
                    $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountBySID'][$IdentityReference] = $Win32Acct

                } else {
                    $DomainNetBIOS = $DomainFromSplit
                }

                $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$split[0]]

            }

            if ($DomainCacheResult) {

                $DomainNetBIOS = $DomainCacheResult.Netbios
                $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns

            } else {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID '$DomainSid' is unknown. Domain NetBIOS is '$DomainNetBIOS'"
                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $DomainNetBIOS -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

            }

            $AdsiServer = Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn $DomainDns -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

            if ($NTAccount) {

                # Recursively call this function to resolve the new IdentityReference we have
                $ResolveIdentityReferenceParams = @{
                    IdentityReference   = $NTAccount
                    AdsiServer          = $AdsiServer
                    AdsiServersByDns    = $AdsiServersByDns
                    DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
                    DomainsBySID        = $DomainsBySID
                    DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
                    DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
                    ThisHostName        = $ThisHostName
                    ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
                    LogBuffer           = $LogBuffer
                    CimCache            = $CimCache
                    WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
                }

                $Resolved = Resolve-IdentityReference @ResolveIdentityReferenceParams

            } else {

                $Resolved = [PSCustomObject]@{
                    IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
                    SIDString                = $IdentityReference
                    IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\" # required for ps 5.1 support
                    #IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) # PS 7 more efficient
                    IdentityReferenceDns     = "$DomainDns\$IdentityReference"
                }

            }

            return $Resolved

        }

        "NT SERVICE\*" {
            # Some of them are services (yes services can have SIDs, notably this includes TrustedInstaller but it is also common with SQL)
            if ($ServerNetBIOS -eq $ThisHostName) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "sc.exe showsid $Name"
                [string[]]$ScResult = & sc.exe showsid $Name
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Invoke-Command -ComputerName $ServerNetBIOS -ScriptBlock { & sc.exe showsid `$args[0] } -ArgumentList $Name"
                [string[]]$ScResult = Invoke-Command -ComputerName $ServerNetBIOS -ScriptBlock { & sc.exe showsid $args[0] } -ArgumentList $Name
            }
            $ScResultProps = @{}

            $ScResult |
            ForEach-Object {
                $Prop, $Value = ($_ -split ':').Trim()
                $ScResultProps[$Prop] = $Value
            }

            $SIDString = $ScResultProps['SERVICE SID']
            #$Caption = $IdentityReference -replace 'NT SERVICE', $ServerNetBIOS -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"
            $Caption = $IdentityReference.Replace('NT SERVICE', $ServerNetBIOS)

            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$ServerNetBIOS]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {
                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $ServerNetBIOS -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            }

            # Update the caches
            $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                SID     = $SIDString
                Caption = $Caption
                Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                Name    = $Name
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$Caption' to the 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
            $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountByCaption'][$Caption] = $Win32Acct

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$SIDString' to the 'Win32_AccountBySID' cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
            $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountBySID'][$SIDString] = $Win32Acct

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                = $SIDString
                IdentityReferenceNetBios = $Caption
                IdentityReferenceDns     = "$DomainDns\$Name"
            }

        }

        "APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\*" {

            <#
            These SIDs cannot be resolved from the NTAccount name:
                PS C:> [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('S-1-15-2-1').Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]).Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier])
                MethodInvocationException: Exception calling "Translate" with "1" argument(s): "Some or all identity references could not be translated."
 
            Even though resolving the reverse direction works:
                PS C:> [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('S-1-15-2-1').Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount])
 
                Value
                -----
                APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES
            So we will instead hardcode a map of SIDs
            #>
            $KnownSIDs = @{ # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/app-container-sid-constants
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES'                                                   = 'S-1-15-2-1'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES'                                        = 'S-1-15-2-2'

                # Capability SIDs introduced in Windows 8 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/capability-sid-constants
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Internet connection'                                                   = 'S-1-15-3-1'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Internet connection, including incoming connections from the Internet' = 'S-1-15-3-2'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your home or work networks'                                                 = 'S-1-15-3-3'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your pictures library'                                                      = 'S-1-15-3-4'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your videos library'                                                        = 'S-1-15-3-5'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your music library'                                                         = 'S-1-15-3-6'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your documents library'                                                     = 'S-1-15-3-7'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Windows credentials'                                                   = 'S-1-15-3-8'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Software and hardware certificates or a smart card'                         = 'S-1-15-3-9'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Removable storage'                                                          = 'S-1-15-3-10'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Appointments'                                                          = 'S-1-15-3-11'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Contacts'                                                              = 'S-1-15-3-12'
            }
            $SIDString = $KnownSIDs[$IdentityReference]

            #$Caption = $IdentityReference -replace 'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY', $ServerNetBIOS -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"
            $Caption = $IdentityReference.Replace('APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY', $ServerNetBIOS)

            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$ServerNetBIOS]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {
                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $ServerNetBIOS -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            }

            # Update the caches
            $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                SID     = $SIDString
                Caption = $Caption
                Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                Name    = $Name
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$Caption' to the 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
            $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountByCaption'][$Caption] = $Win32Acct

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$SIDString' to the 'Win32_AccountBySID' cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
            $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountBySID'][$SIDString] = $Win32Acct

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                = $SIDString
                IdentityReferenceNetBios = $Caption
                IdentityReferenceDns     = "$DomainDns\$Name"
            }

        }

        "BUILTIN\*" {
            # Some built-in groups such as BUILTIN\Users and BUILTIN\Administrators are not in the CIM class or translatable with the NTAccount.Translate() method
            # But they may have real DirectoryEntry objects
            # Try to find the DirectoryEntry object locally on the server
            $DirectoryPath = "$($AdsiServer.AdsiProvider)`://$ServerNetBIOS/$Name"
            $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath @GetDirectoryEntryParams @LoggingParams
            $SIDString = (Add-SidInfo -InputObject $DirectoryEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams).SidString
            #$Caption = $IdentityReference -replace 'BUILTIN', $ServerNetBIOS -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"
            $Caption = $IdentityReference.Replace('BUILTIN', $ServerNetBIOS)
            $DomainDns = $AdsiServer.Dns

            # Update the caches
            $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                SID     = $SIDString
                Caption = $Caption
                Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                Name    = $Name
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$Caption' to the 'Win32_AccountByCaption' cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
            $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountByCaption'][$Caption] = $Win32Acct

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Add '$SIDString' to the 'Win32_AccountBySID' SID cache for '$ServerNetBIOS'"
            $CimCache[$ServerNetBIOS]['Win32_AccountBySID'][$SIDString] = $Win32Acct

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                = $SIDString
                IdentityReferenceNetBios = $Caption
                IdentityReferenceDns     = "$DomainDns\$Name"
            }
        }

    }

    # The IdentityReference is an NTAccount
    # Resolve NTAccount to SID
    # Start by determining the domain

    if (-not [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($DomainNetBIOS)) {
        $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]
        if (-not $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult) {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$($DomainNetBIOS)'."
            $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult = Get-AdsiServer -Netbios $DomainNetBIOS -CimCache $CimCache -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS] = $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult

        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$($DomainNetBIOS)'."
        }

        $DomainDn = $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult.DistinguishedName
        $DomainDns = $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult.Dns

        # Try to resolve the account against the server the Access Control Entry came from (which may or may not be the directory server for the account)
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new('$ServerNetBIOS', '$Name').Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier])"
        $NTAccount = [System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new($ServerNetBIOS, $Name)
        $SIDString = & { $NTAccount.Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]) } 2>$null

        if (-not $SIDString) {
            # Try to resolve the account against the domain indicated in its NT Account Name (which may or may not be the correct ADSI server for the account, it won't be if it's NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM for example)
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new('$DomainNetBIOS', '$Name')"
            $NTAccount = [System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new($DomainNetBIOS, $Name)
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new('$DomainNetBIOS', '$Name').Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier])"
            $SIDString = & { $NTAccount.Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]) } 2>$null
        } else {
            $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
        }

        if (-not $SIDString) {

            # Try to resolve the account against the domain indicated in its NT Account Name
            # Add this domain to our list of known domains
            try {
                $SearchPath = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainDn" -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -CimCache $CimCache @LoggingParams
                $SearchParams = @{
                    CimCache            = $CimCache
                    DebugOutputStream   = $DebugOutputStream
                    DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
                    DirectoryPath       = $SearchPath
                    DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
                    Filter              = "(samaccountname=$Name)"
                    PropertiesToLoad    = @('objectClass', 'distinguishedName', 'name', 'grouptype', 'description', 'managedby', 'member', 'objectClass', 'Department', 'Title')
                    ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
                }
                $DirectoryEntry = Search-Directory @SearchParams @LoggingParams
                $SIDString = (Add-SidInfo -InputObject $DirectoryEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams).SidString
            } catch {
                $LogParams['Type'] = 'Warning' # PS 5.1 will not allow you to override the Splat by manually calling the param, so we must update the splat
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$IdentityReference' could not be resolved against its directory. Error: $($_.Exception.Message)"
                $LogParams['Type'] = $DebugOutputStream
            }

        }

        if (-not $SIDString) {

            # Try to find the DirectoryEntry object directly on the server
            $DirectoryPath = "$($AdsiServer.AdsiProvider)`://$ServerNetBIOS/$Name"
            $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath @GetDirectoryEntryParams @LoggingParams
            $SIDString = (Add-SidInfo -InputObject $DirectoryEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams).SidString

        }

        if ($SIDString) {
            $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
        }

        # This covers unresolved SIDs for deleted accounts, broken domain trusts, etc.
        if ( '' -eq "$Name" ) {
            $Name = $IdentityReference
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # An IdentityReference girl has no name ($Name)"
        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' is named '$Name'"
        }

        return [PSCustomObject]@{
            IdentityReference        = $IdentityReference
            SIDString                = $SIDString
            IdentityReferenceNetBios = "$DomainNetBios\$Name" #-replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"
            IdentityReferenceDns     = "$DomainDns\$Name"
        }

    }

}
function Search-Directory {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use Active Directory Service Interfaces to search an LDAP directory
        .DESCRIPTION
        Find directory entries using the LDAP provider for ADSI (the WinNT provider does not support searching)
        Provides a wrapper around the [System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher] class
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]
        .EXAMPLE
        Search-Directory -Filter ''
 
        As the current user on a domain-joined computer, bind to the current domain and search for all directory entries matching the LDAP filter
    #>
    param (

        <#
        Path to the directory object to retrieve
        Defaults to the root of the current domain
        #>
        [string]$DirectoryPath = (([adsisearcher]'').SearchRoot.Path),

        # Filter for the LDAP search
        [string]$Filter,

        # Number of records per page of results
        [int]$PageSize = 1000,

        # Additional properties to return
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        # Credentials to use
        [pscredential]$Credential,

        # Scope of the search
        [string]$SearchScope = 'subtree',

        # Cache of CIM sessions and instances to reduce connections and queries
        [hashtable]$CimCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Log messages which have not yet been written to disk
        [hashtable]$LogBuffer = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Output stream to send the log messages to
        [ValidateSet('Silent', 'Quiet', 'Success', 'Debug', 'Verbose', 'Output', 'Host', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Information', $null)]
        [string]$DebugOutputStream = 'Debug'

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = $DebugOutputStream
        Buffer       = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $DirectoryEntryParameters = @{
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
        LogBuffer           = $LogBuffer
        WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
        CimCache            = $CimCache
        ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
    }

    if ($Credential) {
        $DirectoryEntryParameters['Credential'] = $Credential
    }

    if (($null -eq $DirectoryPath -or '' -eq $DirectoryPath)) {
        $CimParams = @{
            CimCache          = $CimCache
            ComputerName      = $ThisFqdn
            DebugOutputStream = $DebugOutputStream
            ThisFqdn          = $ThisFqdn
        }
        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogBuffer    = $LogBuffer
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }
        $Workgroup = (Get-CachedCimInstance -ClassName 'Win32_ComputerSystem' -KeyProperty Name @CimParams @LoggingParams).Workgroup
        $DirectoryPath = "WinNT://$Workgroup/$ThisHostname"
    }
    $DirectoryEntryParameters['DirectoryPath'] = $DirectoryPath

    $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry @DirectoryEntryParameters

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new(([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('$DirectoryPath')))"
    $DirectorySearcher = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new($DirectoryEntry)

    if ($Filter) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.Filter = '$Filter'"
        $DirectorySearcher.Filter = $Filter
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.PageSize = '$PageSize'"
    $DirectorySearcher.PageSize = $PageSize
    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.SearchScope = '$SearchScope'"
    $DirectorySearcher.SearchScope = $SearchScope

    ForEach ($Property in $PropertiesToLoad) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.PropertiesToLoad.Add('$Property')"
        $null = $DirectorySearcher.PropertiesToLoad.Add($Property)
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.FindAll()"
    $SearchResultCollection = $DirectorySearcher.FindAll()
    # TODO: Fix this. Problems in integration testing trying to use the objects later if I dispose them here now.
    # Error: Cannot access a disposed object.
    #$null = $DirectorySearcher.Dispose()
    #$null = $DirectoryEntry.Dispose()
    $Output = [System.DirectoryServices.SearchResult[]]::new($SearchResultCollection.Count)
    $SearchResultCollection.CopyTo($Output, 0)
    #$null = $SearchResultCollection.Dispose()
    return $Output

}
<#
# Add any custom C# classes as usable (exported) types
$CSharpFiles = Get-ChildItem -Path "$PSScriptRoot\*.cs"
ForEach ($ThisFile in $CSharpFiles) {
    Add-Type -Path $ThisFile.FullName -ErrorAction Stop
}
#>
Export-ModuleMember -Function @('Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath','Add-SidInfo','ConvertFrom-DirectoryEntry','ConvertFrom-IdentityReferenceResolved','ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString','ConvertFrom-ResultPropertyValueCollectionToString','ConvertFrom-SearchResult','ConvertFrom-SidString','ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation','ConvertTo-DistinguishedName','ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS','ConvertTo-DomainSidString','ConvertTo-Fqdn','ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentation','ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString','ConvertTo-SidByteArray','Expand-AdsiGroupMember','Expand-WinNTGroupMember','Find-AdsiProvider','Find-LocalAdsiServerSid','Get-ADSIGroup','Get-ADSIGroupMember','Get-AdsiServer','Get-CurrentDomain','Get-DirectoryEntry','Get-ParentDomainDnsName','Get-TrustedDomain','Get-WinNTGroupMember','Invoke-ComObject','New-FakeDirectoryEntry','Resolve-IdentityReference','Search-Directory')