AADInternals

0.8.1

CommonUtils.ps1

# This script contains common utility functions used in different functions

# Constants
$const_bom = [byte[]]@(0xEF,0xBB,0xBF)

$DPAPI_ENTROPY_CNG_KEY_PROPERTIES  = @(0x36,0x6A,0x6E,0x6B,0x64,0x35,0x4A,0x33,0x5A,0x64,0x51,0x44,0x74,0x72,0x73,0x75,0x00) # "6jnkd5J3ZdQDtrsu" + null terminator
$DPAPI_ENTROPY_CNG_KEY_BLOB           = @(0x78,0x54,0x35,0x72,0x5A,0x57,0x35,0x71,0x56,0x56,0x62,0x72,0x76,0x70,0x75,0x41,0x00) # "xT5rZW5qVVbrvpuA" + null terminator
$DPAPI_ENTROPY_CAPI_KEY_PROPERTIES = @(0x48,0x6a,0x31,0x64,0x69,0x51,0x36,0x6b,0x70,0x55,0x78,0x37,0x56,0x43,0x34,0x6d,0x00) # "Hj1diQ6kpUx7VC4m" + null terminator

# Unix epoch time (1.1.1970)
$epoch = Get-Date -Day 1 -Month 1 -Year 1970 -Hour 0 -Minute 0 -Second 0 -Millisecond 0


# Gets Azure and Azure Stack WireServer ip address using DHCP
# Nov 18 2021
Function Get-AzureWireServerAddress
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets Azure and Azure Stack WireServer ip address using DHCP
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets Azure and Azure Stack WireServer ip address using DHCP. If DHCP query fails, returns the default address (168.63.129.16)
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntAzureWireServerAddress
 
    168.63.129.16
 
 
     
     
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param()
    Begin
    {
        Add-Type -path "$PSScriptRoot\Win32Ntv.dll"
    }
    Process
    {
        # Get adapter that are up
        $adapters = Get-NetAdapter | Where AdminStatus -eq "Up" 

        # Loop through the adapters
        foreach($adapter in $adapters)
        {
            # Get IPv4 interfaces that have DHCP enabled
            if((Get-NetIPInterface -InterfaceIndex $adapter.ifIndex -AddressFamily IPv4).Dhcp -eq "Enabled")
            {
                # Try to query for the address (uses DHCP option 245 and "WindowsAzureGuestAgent" as RequestIdString)
                $ipAddress = [AADInternals.Native]::getWireServerIpAddress($adapter.InterfaceGuid)
            }

            # Return if we found the address
            if($ipAddress)
            {
                return $ipAddress.ToString()
            }
        }
        Write-Warning "WireServer address not found with DHCP, returning default address 168.63.129.16"
        return "168.63.129.16"
    }
}



# Gets property value using reflection
# Oct 14 2021
Function Get-ReflectionProperty
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [psobject]$TypeObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [psobject]$ValueObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]$PropertyName
    )
    Process
    {
        if(!$ValueObject)
        {
            $ValueObject = $TypeObject
        }

        $propertyInfo = $TypeObject.GetProperty($PropertyName,[System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Instance -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::NonPublic -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Public -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Static)
        return $propertyInfo.GetValue($ValueObject, $null)
    }
}

# Gets property value using reflection
# Oct 14 2021
Function Set-ReflectionProperty
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [psobject]$TypeObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [psobject]$ValueObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]$PropertyName,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [psobject]$Value
    )
    Process
    {
        if(!$ValueObject)
        {
            $ValueObject = $TypeObject
        }

        $propertyInfo = $TypeObject.GetProperty($PropertyName,[System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Instance -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::NonPublic -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Public -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Static)
        return $propertyInfo.SetValue($ValueObject, $Value,$null)
    }
}

# Gets object properties using reflection
# Oct 14 2021
Function Get-ReflectionProperties
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [psobject]$TypeObject
    )
    Process
    {
        $properties = $TypeObject.GetProperties([System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Instance -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::NonPublic -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Public -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Static)

        foreach($property in $properties)
        {
            New-Object psobject -Property ([ordered]@{
                    "Name"  = $property.Name
                    "Write" = $property.CanWrite
                    "Type"  = $property.PropertyType
                })
        }
    }
}

# Gets field value using reflection
# Feb 24 2022
Function Get-ReflectionField
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [psobject]$TypeObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [psobject]$ValueObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]$FieldName
    )
    Process
    {
        if(!$ValueObject)
        {
            $ValueObject = $TypeObject
        }
        $fieldInfo = $TypeObject.GetField($FieldName,[System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Instance -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::NonPublic -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Public -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Static)
        return $fieldInfo.GetValue($ValueObject)
    }
}

# Gets object properties using reflection
# Feb 24 2022
Function Get-ReflectionFields
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [psobject]$TypeObject
    )
    Process
    {
        $fields = $TypeObject.GetFields([System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Instance -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::NonPublic -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Public -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Static)

        foreach($field in $fields)
        {
            New-Object psobject -Property ([ordered]@{
                    "Name"  = $field.Name
                    "Type"  = $field.FieldType
                    "Attributes" = $field.Attributes
                })
        }
    }
}

# Invokes the given method
# Feb 24 2022
Function Invoke-ReflectionMethod
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [psobject]$TypeObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [psobject]$GenericType,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [psobject]$ValueObject,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]$Method,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [Object[]]$Parameters = @()
    )
    Process
    {
        $methodInfo = $TypeObject.GetMethod($Method, [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Instance -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::NonPublic -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Public -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Static)
        if($methodInfo.IsGenericMethodDefinition)
        {
            $genericMethod = $methodInfo.MakeGenericMethod($GenericType)
            return $genericMethod.Invoke($ValueObject,$Parameters)
        }
        else
        {
            return $methodInfo.Invoke($ValueObject,$Parameters)
        }
    }
}

# Gets object methods using reflection
# Feb 24 2022
Function Get-ReflectionMethods
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [psobject]$TypeObject
    )
    Process
    {
        $methods = $TypeObject.GetMethods([System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Instance -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::NonPublic -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Public -bor [System.Reflection.BindingFlags]::Static)

        foreach($method in $methods)
        {
            New-Object psobject -Property ([ordered]@{
                    "Name"  = $method.Name
                    "Static" = $method.IsStatic
                    "Attributes" = $method.Attributes
                })
        }
    }
}

Function Convert-ByteArrayToB64
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [Byte[]]$Bytes,
        [Switch]$UrlEncode,
        [Switch]$NoPadding
    )

    $b64 = [convert]::ToBase64String($Bytes);

    if($UrlEncode)
    {
        $b64 = $b64.Replace("/","_").Replace("+","-")
    }

    if($NoPadding -or $UrlEncode)
    {
        $b64 = $b64.Replace("=","")
    }

    return $b64
}

Function Convert-B64ToByteArray
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [String]
        $B64
    )
    $B64 = $B64.Replace("_","/").Replace("-","+").TrimEnd(0x00,"=")

    # Fill the header with padding for Base 64 decoding
    while ($B64.Length % 4)
    {
        $B64 += "="
    }

    return [convert]::FromBase64String($B64)
}

Function Convert-B64ToText
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]
        $B64
    )

    return [text.encoding]::UTF8.GetString(([byte[]](Convert-B64ToByteArray -B64 $B64)))
}

Function Convert-TextToB64
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]
        $Text
    )

    return Convert-ByteArrayToB64 -Bytes  ([text.encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($text))
}

Function Convert-ByteArrayToHex
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [Byte[]]
        $Bytes
    )

    $HexString = [System.Text.StringBuilder]::new($Bytes.Length * 2)

    ForEach($byte in $Bytes){
        $HexString.AppendFormat("{0:x2}", $byte) | Out-Null
    }

    $HexString.ToString()
}


Function Convert-HexToByteArray
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [String]
        $HexString
    )

    $Bytes = [byte[]]::new($HexString.Length / 2)

    For($i=0; $i -lt $HexString.Length; $i+=2){
        $Bytes[$i/2] = [convert]::ToByte($HexString.Substring($i, 2), 16)
    }

    $Bytes
}


# Converts OID string to bytes
function Convert-OidToBytes
{

    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [String]$Oid
    )
    Process
    {
        $digits = $oid.Split(".")
        $bytes =  @()

        # Encode the first byte
        $bytes += ([byte]$digits[0]) * 40 + ([byte]$digits[1])

        # Calculate the rest
        for($pos = 2; $pos -lt $Digits.Count; $pos++)
        {
            [int]$digit = $digits[$pos]

           
            if($digit -gt 127) # Multiple bytes needed
            {
                $mbytes=@()
                $mbytes += [byte]($digit -band 0x7f)

                while($digit -gt 127)
                {
                    $digit = $digit -shr 7

                    $mbytes += [byte](($digit -band 0x7f) -bor 0x80)
                }

                for($a = $mbytes.Count -1 ; $a -ge 0 ; $a--)
                {
                    $bytes += [byte]$mbytes[$a]
                }
            }
            else
            {
                $bytes += [byte]$digit
            }

        }

        # Return
        return [byte[]]$bytes

    }
}

# Converts byte array to oid string
function Convert-BytesToOid
{

    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(ParameterSetName = "Bytes",Mandatory=$True,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [byte[]]$Bytes,
        [Parameter(ParameterSetName = "String",Mandatory=$True)]
        [String]$ByteString
    )
    Process
    {
        if($ByteString)
        {
            $Bytes = Convert-HexToByteArray -HexString ($ByteString.Replace("0x","").Replace(",","").Replace(" ",""))
        }
        $pos = 0

        # Check whether we have DER tag. If so, skip the first 2 bytes
        if($Bytes[0] -eq 0x06) 
        {
            $pos=2
        }
        
        # Calculate the first two digits
        $oid="$([byte]($Bytes[$pos]/40)).$([byte]$Bytes[$pos]%40)"

        # Calculate the rest
        for($pos+=1; $pos -lt $Bytes.Count; $pos++)
        {
            $digit = 0
            $mbyte = @()
            while (($Bytes[$pos] -band 0x80) -gt 0)
            {
                $mByte+=($Bytes[$pos])
                $pos++
            }
            if($mByte.Count -gt 0)
            {
                $mByte += $Bytes[$pos]
                for($a = 1; $a -le $mByte.Count ; $a++)
                {
                    $value = $mByte[$a-1] -band 0x7f # Strip the first byte
                    $value *= [math]::pow(128, $mByte.Count-$a)
                    $digit += $value

                }
            }
            else
            {
                $digit = $Bytes[$pos]
            }
            $oid += ".$digit"
        }

        # Return
        $oid
    }
}

# Loads X509 certificate from .pfx file.
function Load-Certificate
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Loads X509 certificate from the given .pfx file
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Loads X509 certificate from the given .pfx file
 
    .Parameter FileName
    The full path to .pfx file from where to load the certificate
 
    .Parameter Password
    The password of the .pfx file
 
    .Parameter Exportable
    Whether the private key should be exportable or not.
     
    .Example
    PS C:\>Load-AADIntCertificate -FileName "MyCert.pfx" -Password -Password "mypassword"
 
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [String]$FileName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [String]$Password="",
        [Switch]$Exportable
    )
    Process
    {
        if(!(Test-Path $FileName))
        {
            throw "Certificate file $FileName not found!"
        }
        
        # Load the certificate
        try
        {
            if($Exportable)
            {
                $Certificate = New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2((Get-Item $FileName).FullName, $Password, [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509KeyStorageFlags]::Exportable) -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
            }
            else
            {
                $Certificate = New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2((Get-Item $FileName).FullName, $Password, [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509KeyStorageFlags]::PersistKeySet) -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
            }
            
        }
        catch
        {
            throw "Error opening certificate: $($_.Exception.InnerException.Message)"""
        }
        
        return $Certificate
    }
}


# Loads the private key from the given Certificate
function Load-PrivateKey
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Loads the private key from the given x509 certificate
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Loads the private key from the given x509 certificate
         
    .Example
    $Certificate = Load-Certificate -Filename "mycert.pfx" -Password "myverysecretpassword"
    PS C:\>$PrivateKey = Load-AADIntPrivateKey -Certificate $Certificate
 
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2]$Certificate
    )
    Process
    {
        # Store the private key to so that it can be exported
        $cspParameters = [System.Security.Cryptography.CspParameters]::new()
        $cspParameters.ProviderName = "Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider"
        $cspParameters.ProviderType = 24
        $cspParameters.KeyContainerName ="AADInternals"
            
        # Get the private key from the certificate
        $privateKey = [System.Security.Cryptography.RSACryptoServiceProvider]::new(2048,$cspParameters)
        $privateKey.ImportParameters([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.RSACertificateExtensions]::GetRSAPrivateKey($Certificate).ExportParameters($true))
        
        Write-Verbose "Private Key from $($Certificate.Subject) loaded to the certificate store."
        Write-Debug   "PK: $( Convert-ByteArrayToB64 -Bytes (([System.Security.Cryptography.RSA]::Create($privateKey.ExportParameters($true))).key.Export([System.Security.Cryptography.CngKeyBlobFormat]::GenericPublicBlob)) )"

        return $privateKey
    }
}

# Unloads the private key from the store
function Unload-PrivateKey
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Unloads the private key from the store
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Unloads the private key from the store
         
    .Example
    $Certificate = Load-Certificate -Filename "mycert.pfx" -Password "myverysecretpassword"
    PS C:\>$privateKey = Load-AADIntPrivateKey -Certificate $Certificate
    PS C:\>Unload-AADIntPrivateKey -PrivateKey $privateKey
 
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.RSA]$PrivateKey
    )
    Process
    {
        try
        {
            # Remove the private key from the store
            $privateKey.PersistKeyInCsp=$false
            $privateKey.Clear()

            Write-Verbose "Private Key unloaded from the certificate store."
        }
        catch
        {
            Write-Verbose "Could not unload Private Key from the certificate store. That's probably just okay: ""$($_.Exception.InnerException.Message)"""
        }
        
    }
}


function Get-CompressedByteArray {

    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param (
    [Parameter(Mandatory,ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName)]
        [byte[]] $byteArray = $(Throw("-byteArray is required"))
    )
    Process {
        Write-Verbose "Get-CompressedByteArray"
           [System.IO.MemoryStream] $output = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream
        $gzipStream = New-Object System.IO.Compression.GzipStream $output, ([IO.Compression.CompressionMode]::Compress)
          $gzipStream.Write( $byteArray, 0, $byteArray.Length )
        $gzipStream.Close()
        $output.Close()
        return $output.ToArray()
    }
}


function Get-DecompressedByteArray {

    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory,ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName)]
        [byte[]] $byteArray = $(Throw("-byteArray is required"))
    )
    Process {
        Write-Verbose "Get-DecompressedByteArray"
        $input = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream( , $byteArray )
        $output = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream
        $gzipStream = New-Object System.IO.Compression.GzipStream $input, ([IO.Compression.CompressionMode]::Decompress)
        $gzipStream.CopyTo( $output )
        $gzipStream.Close()
        $input.Close()
        return $output.ToArray()
    }
}

function Get-DeflatedByteArray {

    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory,ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName)]
        [byte[]] $byteArray = $(Throw("-byteArray is required"))
    )
    Process {
        Write-Verbose "Get-DecompressedByteArray"
        $output = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream
        $defStream = New-Object System.IO.Compression.DeflateStream $output, ([IO.Compression.CompressionMode]::Compress)
        $defStream.Write( $byteArray, 0, $byteArray.Length )
        $defStream.Close()
        $output.Close()
        return $output.ToArray()
    }
}

function Get-DeDeflatedByteArray {

    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory,ValueFromPipeline,ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName)]
        [byte[]] $byteArray = $(Throw("-byteArray is required"))
    )
    Process {
        Write-Verbose "Get-DecompressedByteArray"
        $input = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream( , $byteArray )
        $output = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream
        $defStream = New-Object System.IO.Compression.DeflateStream $input, ([IO.Compression.CompressionMode]::Decompress)
        $defStream.CopyTo( $output )
        $defStream.Close()
        $input.Close()
        return $output.ToArray()
    }
}

# Parses the given RSA Key BLOB and returns RSAParameters
Function Parse-KeyBLOB
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [Byte[]]$Key
    )
    process
    {
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/bcrypt/ns-bcrypt-bcrypt_rsakey_blob
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/seccrypto/base-provider-key-blobs

        # Parse the header
        $magic   = [text.encoding]::ASCII.GetString($Key[0..3])
        $bitlen  = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,4)
        $publen  = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,8)
        $modlen  = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,12)
        $pri1len = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,16)
        $pri2len = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,20)

        $headerLen = 6* [System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal]::SizeOf([uint32]::new())

        # BYTE pubexp[publen]
        # BYTE modulus[bitlen/8]
        # BYTE prime1[bitlen/16]
        # BYTE prime2[bitlen/16]
        # BYTE exponent1[bitlen/16]
        # BYTE exponent2[bitlen/16]
        # BYTE coefficient[bitlen/16]
        # BYTE privateExponent[bitlen/8]

        # Parse RSA1 (RSAPUBLICBLOB)
        $p = $headerLen
        $pubexp  = $Key[$headerLen..($headerLen + $publen - 1)]; $p += $publen
        $modulus = $key[($p)..($p-1 + $modlen)];                 $p += $modlen
        
        # Parse RSA2 (RSAPRIVATEBLOB)
        if($magic -eq "RSA2" -or $magic -eq "RSA3") 
        {
            $prime1 =           $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $prime2 =           $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
        }

        # Parse RSA3 (RSAFULLPRIVATEBLOB)
        if($magic -eq "RSA3") 
        {
            $exponent1 =        $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $exponent2 =        $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $coefficient =      $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $privateExponent =  $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/8)] 
        }
        
        $attributes=@{
            "D" =        $privateExponent
            "DP" =       $exponent1
            "DQ" =       $exponent2
            "Exponent" = $pubexp
            "InverseQ" = $coefficient
            "Modulus" =  $modulus
            "P" =        $prime1
            "Q"=         $prime2
        }

        [System.Security.Cryptography.RSAParameters]$RSAParameters = New-Object psobject -Property $attributes

        return $RSAParameters
    }
}

# Converts the given RSAParameters to PEM
# Feb 6th 2022
Function Convert-RSAToPEM
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.RSAParameters]$RSAParameters
    )
    process
    {
        $pemWriter = [Org.BouncyCastle.OpenSsl.PemWriter]::new([System.IO.StringWriter]::new())
        $pemWriter.WriteObject([Org.BouncyCastle.Security.DotNetUtilities]::GetRsaKeyPair($RSAParameters).Private)

        $PEM = $pemWriter.Writer.ToString()

        $pemWriter.Writer.Dispose()

        return $PEM

    }
}

# Converts the given PEM to RSAParameters
# Feb 6th 2022
Function Convert-PEMToRSA
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [String]$PEM
    )
    process
    {
        $pemReader = [Org.BouncyCastle.OpenSsl.PemReader]::new([System.IO.StringReader]::new($PEM))
        $keys = $pemReader.ReadObject()

        $RSAParameters = [Org.BouncyCastle.Security.DotNetUtilities]::ToRSAParameters($keys.Private)

        $pemReader.Reader.Dispose()

        return $RSAParameters

    }
}


# Gets the error description from AzureAD
# Aug 2nd 2020
Function Get-Error
{
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets a error description for the given error code.
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets a error description for the given error code.
 
    .Parameter ErrorCode
    Azure AD error code
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntError -ErrorCode AADST700019
 
    700019: Application ID {identifier} cannot be used or is not authorized.
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntError -ErrorCode 700019
 
    700019: Application ID {identifier} cannot be used or is not authorized.
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [String]$ErrorCode
    )
    Process
    {
        # Get the error message
        $response=Invoke-RestMethod -UseBasicParsing -Method Get -Uri "https://login.microsoftonline.com/error?code=$ErrorCode"

        if($response.IndexOf("<table>") -gt 0)
        {
            $s=$response.IndexOf("<td>Error Code</td>")+23
            $e=$response.IndexOf("</td>",$s)
            $code=$response.Substring($s,$e-$s)

            $s=$response.IndexOf("<td>Message</td>")+20
            $e=$response.IndexOf("</td>",$s)
            $message=$response.Substring($s,$e-$s)

            Write-Host "$code`: $message"
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Host "Error $ErrorCode not found!"
        }

    }
}

# Create a new self-signed certificate
# Jan 31st 2021
function New-Certificate
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Creates a new self signed certificate.
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Creates a new self signed certificate for the given subject name and returns it as System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2 or exports directly to .pfx and .cer files.
    The certificate is valid for 100 years.
 
    .Parameter SubjectName
    The subject name of the certificate, MUST start with CN=
 
    .Parameter Export
    Export the certificate (PFX and CER) instead of returning the certificate object. The .pfx file does not have a password.
   
    .Example
    PS C:\>$certificate = New-AADIntCertificate -SubjectName "CN=MyCert"
 
    .Example
    PS C:\>$certificate = New-AADIntCertificate -SubjectName "CN=MyCert"
 
    PS C:\>$certificate.Export([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509ContentType]::Pfx) | Set-Content MyCert.pfx -Encoding Byte
 
    .Example
    PS C:\>$certificate = New-AADIntCertificate -SubjectName "CN=MyCert"
 
    PS C:\>$certificate.Export([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509ContentType]::Cert) | Set-Content MyCert.cer -Encoding Byte
 
    .Example
    PS C:\>New-AADIntCertificate -SubjectName "CN=MyCert" -Export
 
    Certificate successfully exported:
      CN=MyCert.pfx
      CN=MyCert.cer
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [ValidatePattern("[c|C][n|N]=.+")] # Must start with CN=
        [String]$SubjectName,
        [Switch]$Export
    )
    Process
    {
        # Create a private key
        $rsa = [System.Security.Cryptography.RSA]::Create(2048)

        # Initialize the Certificate Signing Request object
        $req = [System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.CertificateRequest]::new($SubjectName, $rsa, [System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithmName]::SHA256,[System.Security.Cryptography.RSASignaturePadding]::Pkcs1)
        $req.CertificateExtensions.Add([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509BasicConstraintsExtension]::new($true,$false,0,$true))
        $req.CertificateExtensions.Add([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension]::new($req.PublicKey,$false))

        # Create a self-signed certificate
        $selfSigned = $req.CreateSelfSigned((Get-Date).ToUniversalTime().AddMinutes(-5),(Get-Date).ToUniversalTime().AddYears(100))
        

        # Store the private key to so that it can be exported
        $cspParameters = [System.Security.Cryptography.CspParameters]::new()
        $cspParameters.ProviderName =    "Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider"
        $cspParameters.ProviderType =    24
        $cspParameters.KeyContainerName ="AADInternals"
            
        # Set the private key
        $privateKey = [System.Security.Cryptography.RSACryptoServiceProvider]::new(2048,$cspParameters)
        $privateKey.ImportParameters($rsa.ExportParameters($true))
        $selfSigned.PrivateKey = $privateKey

        if($Export)
        {
            Set-BinaryContent -Path "$SubjectName.pfx" -Value $selfSigned.Export([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509ContentType]::Pfx)
            Set-BinaryContent -Path "$SubjectName.cer" -Value $selfSigned.Export([System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509ContentType]::Cert)

            # Print out information
            Write-Host "Certificate successfully exported:"
            Write-Host " $SubjectName.pfx"
            Write-Host " $SubjectName.cer"
        }
        else
        {
            return $selfSigned
        }
    }
}

# Creates a new random SID
# Feb 12th 2021
function New-RandomSID
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [ValidateSet(0,1,2,3,4,5,7,9,11,12,15,16,18)]
        [int]$IdentifierAuthority=5,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [ValidateSet(18,21,32,64,80,82,83,90,96)]
        [int]$SubAuthority=21
    )
    Process
    {
        # Create a random SID
        # ref: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-azod/ecc7dfba-77e1-4e03-ab99-114b349c7164
        # ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Identifier

        # Identifier Authorities:
        # 0 = Null Authority
        # 1 = World Authority
        # 2 = Local Authority
        # 3 = Creator Authority
        # 4 = Non-unique Authority
        # 5 = NT Authority NT AUTHORITY\
        # 7 = Internet$ Internet$\
        # 9 = Resource Manager Authority
        # 11 = Microsoft Account Authority MicrosoftAccount\
        # 12 = Azure Active Directory AzureAD\
        # 15 = Capability SIDS
        # 16 = MandatoryLabel\
        # 18 = Asserted Identity

        # Sub Authorities:
        # 18 = LocalSystem
        # 21 = Domain
        # 32 = Users
        # 64 = Authentication
        # 80 = NT Service
        # 82 = IIS AppPool
        # 83 = Virtual Machines
        # 90 = Window Manager
        # 96 = Font Driver

        return "S-1-$IdentifierAuthority-$SubAuthority-$(Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 0x7FFFFFFF)-$(Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 0x7FFFFFFF)-$(Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 0x7FFFFFFF)-$(Get-Random -Minimum 1000 -Maximum 9999)"
    }
}

# Returns RCA for given key and data
function Get-RC4{
    Param(
        [Byte[]]$Key,
        [Byte[]]$Data
    )
    Process
    {
        $nk = New-Object byte[] 256
        $s = New-Object byte[] 256

        for ($i = 0; $i -lt 256; $i++)
        {
            $nk[$i] = $Key[($i % $Key.Length)]
            $s[$i] = [byte]$i
        }

        $j = 0

        for ($i = 0; $i -lt 256; $i++)
        {
            $j = ($j + $s[$i] + $nk[$i]) % 256

            $swap = $s[$i]
            $s[$i] = $s[$j]
            $s[$j] = $swap
        }


        $output = New-Object byte[] ($Data.Length)

        $i = 0
        $j = 0

        for ($c = 0; $c -lt $data.Length; $c++)
        {
            $i = ($i + 1) % 256
            $j = ($j + $s[$i]) % 256

            $swap = $s[$i];
            $s[$i] = $s[$j];
            $s[$j] = $swap;

            $k = $s[(($s[$i] + $s[$j]) % 256)]

            $keyed = $data[$c] -bxor $k

            $output[$c] = [byte]$keyed
        }

        return $output

    }
}


function Parse-Asn1
{
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [int]$Pos=0,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [int]$Level=0
    )
    Begin
    {
        
    }
    Process
    {
        # Must be initialized
        [int]$p =      $pos
        [int]$sBytes = 0
        [int]$size =   0


        # Get the tag
        [int]$tag = $Data[$p]
        
        if(($Data[$p+1] -shr 4) -eq 8) # Get the size
        {
            # Multibyte
            $sBytes = $Data[$p+1] -band 0x0F
            
            for($a = 1 ; $a -le $sBytes; $a++)
            {
                $size += ($Data[$p+1+$a] * [Math]::Pow(256, $sBytes-$a))
            }
            
            $tSize = $size + 2 +$sBytes
        }
        else
        {
            $size = $Data[$p+1]
            $tSize = $size + 2
        }

        
        # Calculate start and end
        $start = $p
        $end =   $p + $tSize - 1

        # Move to the start of the data
        $p += 2 + $sBytes

        if(($tag -shr 4) -eq 0x06) # Application element
        { 
                $appNum = $tag -band 0x0F
                $tType = "6{0:X}" -f $appNum

                $multiValue = $true
        }
        elseif(($tag -shr 4) -eq 0x0A) # Sequence element
        { 
                $seqNum = $tag -band 0x0F
                $tType = "A{0:X}" -f $seqNum

                $multiValue = $true
        }
        elseif($tag -in 0x10, 0x30) 
        {
                $tType = "SEQUENCE"
                $multiValue = $true
        } 
        elseif($tag -in 0x11, 0x31) 
        {
                $tType = "SET"
                $multiValue = $true
        }
        else
        {
            $multiValue = $false
            
            switch($tag)
            {
                0x01 {
                        $tType = "BOOLEAN"
                        $tData = $Data[$p-1] -ne 0x00
                        $tValue = $tData

                        break
                }
                0x02 {
                        $tType = "INTEGER" 
                        $tData = 0
                        for($a = 1 ; $a -le $size; $a++)
                        {
                            $tData += $Data[$p-1+$a] * [Math]::Pow(256, $size-$a)
                        }
                        $tValue = $tData
                        
                        break
                        }
                0x03 {
                        $tType = "BIT STRING"
                        $tData = $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)]
                        $tValue = Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $tData
                        
                        break
                        }
                0x04 {
                        $tType = "OCTET STRING"
                        Write-Verbose "$((" " * $level ))$tType ($size) $tValue"
                        $tData = $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)]
                        
                        break
                        } 
                0x05 {
                        $tType = "NULL"
                        $tData = $null
                        $tValue = $tData

                        break
                        }
                0x06 {
                        $tType = "OBJECT IDENTIFIER"
                        $tData = Convert-BytesToOid -Bytes $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)]
                        $tValue = $tData

                        break
                        }
                0x0A {
                        $tType = "ENUMERATED"
                        $tData = 0
                        for($a = 1 ; $a -le $size; $a++)
                        {
                            $tData += $Data[$p-1+$a] * [Math]::Pow(256, $size-$a)
                        }
                        $tValue = $tData
                        
                        break
                        }
                0x13 {
                        $tType = "PrintableString"
                        $tData = [text.encoding]::ASCII.GetString($Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)])
                        $tValue = $tData
                        
                        break
                        }
                0x16 {
                        $tType = "IA5String"
                        $tData = [text.encoding]::ASCII.GetString($Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)])
                        $tValue = $tData
                        
                        break
                        }
                0x18 {
                        $tType = "DATE TIME"
                        $dStr = [text.encoding]::UTF8.GetString($Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)])

                        $yyyy = [int]$dStr.Substring(0,4)
                        $MM   = [int]$dStr.Substring(4,2)
                        $dd   = [int]$dStr.Substring(6,2)
                        $hh   = [int]$dStr.Substring(8,2)
                        $min  = [int]$dStr.Substring(10,2)
                        $ss   = [int]$dStr.Substring(12,2)

                        $tData = [DateTime]"$($yyyy)-$('{0:D2}' -f $MM)-$('{0:D2}' -f $dd)T$('{0:D2}' -f $hh):$('{0:D2}' -f $min):$('{0:D2}' -f $ss)Z" 

                        $tValue = $tData

                        break
                        }
                0x1B {
                        $tType = "GENERAL STRING"
                        $tData = [text.encoding]::UTF8.GetString($Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)])
                        $tValue = $tData

                        break
                        }
                0x7B {
                        $tType = "EncAPRepPart"
                        Write-Verbose "$((" " * $level ))$tType ($size) $tValue"
                        try
                        {
                            $tData = Parse-Asn1 -Data $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)] -Level ($Level+1)
                        }
                        catch
                        {
                            $tData = $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)]
                        }
                        break
                    }
                0x7E {
                        $tType = "KRB_ERROR"
                        Write-Verbose "$((" " * $level ))$tType ($size) $tValue"
                        try
                        {
                            $tData = Parse-Asn1 -Data $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)] -Level ($Level+1)
                        }
                        catch
                        {
                            $tData = $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)]
                        }
                        break
                        
                    }
                0x80 {
                        $tType = "APPSPECIFIC"
                        $tData = $Data[$p..$($p+$size-1)]
                        
                        break
                        
                    }
                
                default {

                            Throw "Unknown TAG 0x$('{0:X}' -f $tag) ($size)"
                        }       
            }
        }

        if($Size -eq 0)
        {
            $tData =  $null
            $tValue = $null
        }

        if(($tag -ne 0x04) -and (($tag -shr 4) -ne 0x07))
        {
            Write-Verbose "$((" " * $level ))$tType ($size) $tValue"
        }

        if($multiValue)
        {
            $tData = @()
            While($p -lt $end)
            {

                $element = Parse-Asn1 -Data $Data -Pos $p -Level ($Level+1) 

                $p += $element.Size
                $tData += $element
                
                
            }
        
        }
        
                

        return New-Object psobject -Property @{ "Type" = $tType; "Data" = $tData ; "DataLength" = $size; "Size" = $tSize}
    }
}

# Encodes object to Asn1 encoded byte array
# Mar 26th 2021
function Encode-Asn1
{
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [psobject]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [int]$Level = 0
    )
    Begin
    {
        
    }
    Process
    {
        $attributes = $Data | get-member | where MemberType -eq "NoteProperty" | select Name
        if(!$attributes -or (!"Data","Type" -in $attributes))
        {
            Throw "Data object doesn't have Data and Type attributes"
        }

        
        Write-Verbose "$((" " * $level ))$($Data.Type)"

        switch($Data.Type)
        {
            

            {$_.startsWith("APP #")}{
                    $appNum = [byte]$_.Split("#")[1]
                    $appNum += 0x60

                    $returnValues = @()
                    foreach($value in $Data.Data)
                    {
                        $returnValues += Encode-Asn1 -Data $value -Level ($Level+1)
                    }

                    if($returnValues)
                    {
                        return Add-DERTag -Tag $appNum -Data $returnValues
                    }

                    break
                }
            {$_.startsWith("SEQ #")}{
                    $seqNum = [byte]$_.Split("#")[1]
                    $seqNum += 0xA0

                    $returnValues = @()
                    foreach($value in $Data.Data)
                    {
                        $returnValues += Encode-Asn1 -Data $value -Level ($Level+1)
                    }

                    if($returnValues)
                    {
                        return Add-DERTag -Tag $seqNum -Data $returnValues
                    }

                    break
                }

            "SEQUENCE" {

                    $returnValues = @()
                    foreach($value in $Data.Data)
                    {
                        $returnValues += Encode-Asn1 -Data $value -Level ($Level+1)
                    }

                    if($returnValues)
                    {
                        return Add-DERSequence -Data $returnValues
                    }

                    break
                }
    
            "SET" {
                    $returnValues = @()
                    foreach($value in $Data.Data)
                    {
                        $returnValues += Encode-Asn1 -Data $value
                    }

                    if($returnValues)
                    {
                        return Add-DERSet -Data $returnValues
                    }
                    
                    break
                }
            "BOOLEAN" {
                    return Add-DERBoolean -Value $Data.Data

                    break
                }
            "INTEGER" {
                    return Add-DERInteger -Data ([byte]$Data.Data)

                    break
                }
            "ENUMERATED" {
                    return Add-DERInteger -Data ([byte]$Data.Data)

                    break
                }
            "BIT STRING" {
                    return Add-DERBitString -Data $Data.Data

                    break
                }
            "OCTET STRING" {
                    if($Data.Data -is [System.Array])
                    {
                        return Add-DEROctetString -Data $Data.Data
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return Add-DEROctetString -Data (Encode-Asn1 -Data $Data.Data -Level ($Level+1))
                    }

                    break
                }
            "NULL" {
                    return Add-DERNull

                    break
                }
            "OBJECT IDENTIFIER" {
                    return Add-DERObjectIdentifier -ObjectIdentifier $Data.Data

                    break
                }
            "GENERAL STRING" {
                    return Add-DERUtf8String -Text $Data.Data

                    break
                }
            "DATE TIME" {
                    return Add-DERDate -Date $Data.Data

                    break
                }
            default {
                Throw "Unknown type: $_"
                }
            
        }
    }
}

# Returns the given number random bytes
function Get-RandomBytes
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [int]$Bytes
    )
    Process
    {
        $returnBytes = New-Object byte[] $Bytes
        

        for($c = 0; $c -lt $Bytes ; $c++)
        {
            $returnBytes[$c] = Get-Random -Minimum 0 -Maximum 0xFF
        }

        return $returnBytes
    }
}

# Computes an SHA1 digest for the given data
function Get-Digest
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [String]$Data
    )
    Process
    {
        
        # Compute SHA1 digest
        $SHA1 =   [System.Security.Cryptography.SHA1Managed]::Create()
        $digest = $SHA1.ComputeHash([text.encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($Data))
        
        $SHA1.Dispose()

        return $digest
    }
}

# Creates a new random SID
# May 31st 2021
function New-RandomIPv4
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
    )
    Process
    {
        return "$(Get-Random -Minimum 0 -Maximum 255).$(Get-Random -Minimum 0 -Maximum 255).$(Get-Random -Minimum 0 -Maximum 255).$(Get-Random -Minimum 0 -Maximum 255)"
    }
}

# Create (or use cached) XML dictionary
function Get-XmlDictionary
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [ValidateSet('WCF','Session')]
        [String]$Type="WCF"
    )    
    Begin
    {
        # Create dictionaries array
        $dictionaries = @{
                "WCF"     = New-Object System.Xml.XmlDictionary
                "Session" = New-Object System.Xml.XmlDictionary
            }

        # Dictionary for WCF binary xml
        foreach($element in @("mustUnderstand", "Envelope", "http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope", "http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing", "Header", "Action", "To", "Body", "Algorithm", "RelatesTo", "http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous", "URI", "Reference", "MessageID", "Id", "Identifier", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/rm", "Transforms", "Transform", "DigestMethod", "DigestValue", "Address", "ReplyTo", "SequenceAcknowledgement", "AcknowledgementRange", "Upper", "Lower", "BufferRemaining", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/05/rm", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/rm/SequenceAcknowledgement", "SecurityTokenReference", "Sequence", "MessageNumber", "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#", "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature", "KeyInfo", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/sc", "DerivedKeyToken", "Nonce", "Signature", "SignedInfo", "CanonicalizationMethod", "SignatureMethod", "SignatureValue", "DataReference", "EncryptedData", "EncryptionMethod", "CipherData", "CipherValue", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd", "Security", "Timestamp", "Created", "Expires", "Length", "ReferenceList", "ValueType", "Type", "EncryptedHeader", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.1.xsd", "RequestSecurityTokenResponseCollection", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust#BinarySecret", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/02/transactions", "s", "Fault", "MustUnderstand", "role", "relay", "Code", "Reason", "Text", "Node", "Role", "Detail", "Value", "Subcode", "NotUnderstood", "qname", "", "From", "FaultTo", "EndpointReference", "PortType", "ServiceName", "PortName", "ReferenceProperties", "RelationshipType", "Reply", "a", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2006/02/addressingidentity", "Identity", "Spn", "Upn", "Rsa", "Dns", "X509v3Certificate", "http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/fault", "ReferenceParameters", "IsReferenceParameter", "http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/reply", "http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/none", "Metadata", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/08/addressing", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/08/addressing/role/anonymous", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/08/addressing/fault", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/06/addressingex", "RedirectTo", "Via", "http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#", "PrefixList", "InclusiveNamespaces", "ec", "SecurityContextToken", "Generation", "Label", "Offset", "Properties", "Cookie", "wsc", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/sc", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/sc/dk", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/sc/sct", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/RST/SCT", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/RSTR/SCT", "RenewNeeded", "BadContextToken", "c", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/sc/dk", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/sc/sct", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RST/SCT", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RSTR/SCT", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RST/SCT/Renew", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RSTR/SCT/Renew", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RST/SCT/Cancel", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RSTR/SCT/Cancel", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#aes128-cbc", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes128", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#aes192-cbc", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes192", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#aes256-cbc", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes256", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#des-cbc", "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1", "http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#WithComments", "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#hmac-sha1", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#hmac-sha256", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/sc/dk/p_sha1", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#ripemd160", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#rsa-oaep-mgf1p", "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#rsa-sha256", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#rsa-1_5", "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha256", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#sha512", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#tripledes-cbc", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-tripledes", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/2005/02/trust/tlsnego#TLS_Wrap", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/2005/02/trust/spnego#GSS_Wrap", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/05/security", "dnse", "o", "Password", "PasswordText", "Username", "UsernameToken", "BinarySecurityToken", "EncodingType", "KeyIdentifier", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-soap-message-security-1.0#Base64Binary", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-soap-message-security-1.0#HexBinary", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-soap-message-security-1.0#Text", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-x509-token-profile-1.0#X509SubjectKeyIdentifier", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-kerberos-token-profile-1.1#GSS_Kerberosv5_AP_REQ", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-kerberos-token-profile-1.1#GSS_Kerberosv5_AP_REQ1510", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.0#SAMLAssertionID", "Assertion", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:assertion", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-rel-token-profile-1.0.pdf#license", "FailedAuthentication", "InvalidSecurityToken", "InvalidSecurity", "k", "SignatureConfirmation", "TokenType", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-soap-message-security-1.1#ThumbprintSHA1", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-soap-message-security-1.1#EncryptedKey", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-soap-message-security-1.1#EncryptedKeySHA1", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV1.1", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV2.0", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLID", "AUTH-HASH", "RequestSecurityTokenResponse", "KeySize", "RequestedTokenReference", "AppliesTo", "Authenticator", "CombinedHash", "BinaryExchange", "Lifetime", "RequestedSecurityToken", "Entropy", "RequestedProofToken", "ComputedKey", "RequestSecurityToken", "RequestType", "Context", "BinarySecret", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/spnego", " http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/tlsnego", "wst", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/trust", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/RST/Issue", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/RSTR/Issue", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/Issue", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/CK/PSHA1", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/SymmetricKey", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/security/trust/Nonce", "KeyType", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/trust/SymmetricKey", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/04/trust/PublicKey", "Claims", "InvalidRequest", "RequestFailed", "SignWith", "EncryptWith", "EncryptionAlgorithm", "CanonicalizationAlgorithm", "ComputedKeyAlgorithm", "UseKey", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/net/2004/07/secext/WS-SPNego", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/net/2004/07/secext/TLSNego", "t", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RST/Issue", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/RSTR/Issue", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/Issue", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/SymmetricKey", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/CK/PSHA1", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/Nonce", "RenewTarget", "CancelTarget", "RequestedTokenCancelled", "RequestedAttachedReference", "RequestedUnattachedReference", "IssuedTokens", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/Renew", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/Cancel", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/PublicKey", "Access", "AccessDecision", "Advice", "AssertionID", "AssertionIDReference", "Attribute", "AttributeName", "AttributeNamespace", "AttributeStatement", "AttributeValue", "Audience", "AudienceRestrictionCondition", "AuthenticationInstant", "AuthenticationMethod", "AuthenticationStatement", "AuthorityBinding", "AuthorityKind", "AuthorizationDecisionStatement", "Binding", "Condition", "Conditions", "Decision", "DoNotCacheCondition", "Evidence", "IssueInstant", "Issuer", "Location", "MajorVersion", "MinorVersion", "NameIdentifier", "Format", "NameQualifier", "Namespace", "NotBefore", "NotOnOrAfter", "saml", "Statement", "Subject", "SubjectConfirmation", "SubjectConfirmationData", "ConfirmationMethod", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:cm:holder-of-key", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:cm:sender-vouches", "SubjectLocality", "DNSAddress", "IPAddress", "SubjectStatement", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:am:unspecified", "xmlns", "Resource", "UserName", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:WindowsDomainQualifiedName", "EmailName", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress", "u", "ChannelInstance", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2005/02/duplex", "Encoding", "MimeType", "CarriedKeyName", "Recipient", "EncryptedKey", "KeyReference", "e", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#Element", "http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#Content", "KeyName", "MgmtData", "KeyValue", "RSAKeyValue", "Modulus", "Exponent", "X509Data", "X509IssuerSerial", "X509IssuerName", "X509SerialNumber", "X509Certificate", "AckRequested", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/rm/AckRequested", "AcksTo", "Accept", "CreateSequence", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/rm/CreateSequence", "CreateSequenceRefused", "CreateSequenceResponse", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/rm/CreateSequenceResponse", "FaultCode", "InvalidAcknowledgement", "LastMessage", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/rm/LastMessage", "LastMessageNumberExceeded", "MessageNumberRollover", "Nack", "netrm", "Offer", "r", "SequenceFault", "SequenceTerminated", "TerminateSequence", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/rm/TerminateSequence", "UnknownSequence", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2006/02/tx/oletx", "oletx", "OleTxTransaction", "PropagationToken", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor", "wscoor", "CreateCoordinationContext", "CreateCoordinationContextResponse", "CoordinationContext", "CurrentContext", "CoordinationType", "RegistrationService", "Register", "RegisterResponse", "ProtocolIdentifier", "CoordinatorProtocolService", "ParticipantProtocolService", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor/CreateCoordinationContext", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor/CreateCoordinationContextResponse", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor/Register", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor/RegisterResponse", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wscoor/fault", "ActivationCoordinatorPortType", "RegistrationCoordinatorPortType", "InvalidState", "InvalidProtocol", "InvalidParameters", "NoActivity", "ContextRefused", "AlreadyRegistered", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat", "wsat", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Completion", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Durable2PC", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Volatile2PC", "Prepare", "Prepared", "ReadOnly", "Commit", "Rollback", "Committed", "Aborted", "Replay", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Commit", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Rollback", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Committed", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Aborted", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Prepare", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Prepared", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/ReadOnly", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/Replay", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/10/wsat/fault", "CompletionCoordinatorPortType", "CompletionParticipantPortType", "CoordinatorPortType", "ParticipantPortType", "InconsistentInternalState", "mstx", "Enlistment", "protocol", "LocalTransactionId", "IsolationLevel", "IsolationFlags", "Description", "Loopback", "RegisterInfo", "ContextId", "TokenId", "AccessDenied", "InvalidPolicy", "CoordinatorRegistrationFailed", "TooManyEnlistments", "Disabled", "ActivityId", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2004/09/ServiceModel/Diagnostics", "http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-kerberos-token-profile-1.1#Kerberosv5APREQSHA1", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2002/12/policy", "FloodMessage", "LinkUtility", "Hops", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/net/2006/05/peer/HopCount", "PeerVia", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/net/2006/05/peer", "PeerFlooder", "PeerTo", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2005/05/routing", "PacketRoutable", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2005/05/addressing/none", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2005/05/envelope/none", "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance", "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema", "nil", "type", "char", "boolean", "byte", "unsignedByte", "short", "unsignedShort", "int", "unsignedInt", "long", "unsignedLong", "float", "double", "decimal", "dateTime", "string", "base64Binary", "anyType", "duration", "guid", "anyURI", "QName", "time", "date", "hexBinary", "gYearMonth", "gYear", "gMonthDay", "gDay"))
        {
            $dictionaries["WCF"].Add($element) | Out-Null
        }

        # Dictionary for Identity Claims Session binary xml
        foreach($element in @("Claim","SecurityContextToken","Version","SecureConversationVersion","Issuer","OriginalIssuer","IssuerRef","ClaimCollection","Actor","ClaimProperty","ClaimProperties","Value","ValueType","Label","Type","subjectID","ClaimPropertyName","ClaimPropertyValue","http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous","http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/issuer/self","AuthenticationType","NameClaimType","RoleClaimType","Null", [string]::Empty,"Key","EffectiveTime","ExpiryTime","KeyGeneration","KeyEffectiveTime","KeyExpiryTime","SessionId","Id","ValidFrom","ValidTo","ContextId","SessionToken","SessionTokenCookie","BootStrapToken","Context","ClaimsPrincipal","WindowsPrincipal","WindowIdentity","Identity","Identities","WindowsLogonName","PersistentTrue","SctAuthorizationPolicy","Right","EndpointId","WindowsSidClaim","DenyOnlySidClaim","X500DistinguishedNameClaim","X509ThumbprintClaim","NameClaim","DnsClaim","RsaClaim","MailAddressClaim","SystemClaim","HashClaim","SpnClaim","UpnClaim","UrlClaim","Sid","SessionModeTrue"))
        {
            $dictionaries["Session"].Add($element) | Out-Null
        }
    }
    Process
    {
        return $dictionaries[$Type]
    }
}

# Converts binary xml to XML
function BinaryToXml
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$xml_bytes,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [System.Xml.XmlDictionary]$Dictionary
    )
    Process
    {
        $xml_doc = New-Object System.Xml.XmlDocument

        [System.Xml.XmlDictionaryReader]$reader = [System.Xml.XmlDictionaryReader]::CreateBinaryReader($xml_bytes,0,$xml_bytes.Length,$Dictionary,[System.Xml.XmlDictionaryReaderQuotas]::Max)

        $xml_doc.Load($reader)

        return $xml_doc
    }
}

# Converts Xml to Binary format
function XmlToBinary
{
[cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [xml]$xml_doc,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [System.Xml.XmlDictionary]$Dictionary
    )
    Process
    {
        $ms = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream

        $writer = [System.Xml.XmlDictionaryWriter]::CreateBinaryWriter($ms,$Dictionary)
        $xml_doc.WriteContentTo($writer);
        $writer.Flush()
        $ms.Position = 0;
        $length=$ms.Length

        [byte[]]$xml_bytes = New-Object Byte[] $length
        $ms.Flush()
        $ms.Read($xml_bytes, 0, $length) | Out-Null
        $ms.Dispose()
        
        return $xml_bytes
    }
}

function Remove-BOM
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [Byte[]]$ByteArray
    )
    Process
    {
        if(Compare-Object -ReferenceObject $const_bom -DifferenceObject $ByteArray[0..2] -SyncWindow 0)
        {
            return $ByteArray
        }
        else
        {
            return $ByteArray[3..($ByteArray.length-1)]
        }
    }
}

# removes the given bytes from the given bytearray
function Remove-Bytes
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [Byte[]]$ByteArray,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [Byte[]]$BytesToRemove
    )
    Process
    {
        $retVal = @()

        for($i = 0; $i -le $ByteArray.Count; $i++)
        {
            $AddByte=$true

            for($b = 0; $b -le $BytesToRemove.Count; $b++)
            {
                $ByteToRemove = $BytesToRemove[$b]
                if($ByteArray[$i] -eq $ByteToRemove)
                {
                    $AddByte=$false
                }
            }
            if($AddByte)
            {
                $retVal+=$ByteArray[$i]
            }
        }

        $retVal
    }
}

# Parses the given Cng blob
# Dec 17th 2021
function Parse-CngBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [switch]$Decrypt,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [switch]$LocalMachine
    )
    Begin
    {
        Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Security
    }
    Process
    {
        # Parse the header
        $version =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,0)
        if($version -ne 1)
        {
            Throw "Unsupported version ($Version), expected 1"
        }
        $unknown =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,4)
        $nameLen =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,8)
        $type    =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,12)

        $publicPropertiesLen  = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,16)
        $privatePropertiesLen = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,20)
        $privateKeyLen        = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,24)
        
        $unknownArray = $Data[28..43]
        
        $name = [text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($Data, 44, $nameLen)

        Write-Debug "Version: $version"
        Write-Debug "Unknown: $unknown"
        Write-Debug "Name length: $nameLen"
        Write-Debug "Type: $type"
        Write-Debug "Public properties length: $publicPropertiesLen"
        Write-Debug "Private properties length: $privatePropertiesLen"
        Write-Debug "Private key length: $privateKeyLen"
        Write-Debug "Unknown array: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $unknownArray)"
        Write-Debug "Name: $name`n`n"

        Write-Verbose "Parsing Cng key: $name"

        # Set the position
        $p = 44+$nameLen

        # Parse public properties
        $publicProperties = @{}
        $publicPropertiesTotal = 0
        while($publicPropertiesTotal -lt $publicPropertiesLen)
        {
            $pubStructLen         = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
            $pubStructType        = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
            $pubStructUnk         = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
            $pubStructNameLen     = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
            $pubStructPropertyLen = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4

            $pubStructName        = [text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($Data, $p, $pubStructNameLen); $p += $pubStructNameLen
            $pubStructProperty    = $Data[$p..$($p + $pubStructPropertyLen - 1)]; $p += $pubStructPropertyLen

            $publicPropertiesTotal += $pubStructLen

            if([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($pubStructName))
            {
                $pubStructName = "Public Key"
            }
            elseif($pubStructName -eq "Modified")
            {
               $fileTimeUtc =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($pubStructProperty,0)
               Remove-Variable pubStructProperty
               $pubStructProperty = [datetime]::FromFileTimeUtc($fileTimeUtc)
            }

            Write-Debug "Public property struct length: $pubStructLen"
            Write-Debug "Public property struct type: $pubStructType"
            Write-Debug "Public property unknown: $pubStructUnk"
            Write-Debug "Public property name length: $pubStructNameLen"
            Write-Debug "Public property length: $pubStructPropertyLen"
            Write-Debug "Public property name: $pubStructName"

            if($pubStructName -eq "Modified")
            {
                Write-Verbose "Modified: $($pubStructProperty.ToUniversalTime().ToString("s", [cultureinfo]::InvariantCulture))z`n`n"
            }
            else
            {
                Write-Debug "Public property: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $pubStructProperty)`n`n"
            }

            $publicProperties[$pubStructName] = $pubStructProperty
        }
        
        # Parse private properties
        $privateProperties = @{}
        $privatePropertiesTotal = 0

        $privatePropertiesBlob = $Data[$p..$($p + $privatePropertiesLen -1)]
        $privateKeyBlob        = $Data[$($p + $privatePropertiesLen)..$($p + $privatePropertiesLen + $privateKeyLen -1)]
        
        $attributes = [ordered]@{
            "Name"          = $name
            "PublicKeyBlob" = $publicProperties["Public Key"]
            "PrivateKeyBlob" = @()
            "RSAParameters" = Parse-KeyBLOB -Key $publicProperties["Public Key"]
        }
        if($Decrypt)
        {
            $dpapiScope = "CurrentUser"
            
            if($LocalMachine)
            {
                $CurrentUser = "{0}\{1}" -f $env:USERDOMAIN,$env:USERNAME
        
                $dpapiScope = "LocalMachine"
                # Elevate to get access to the DPAPI keys
                if([AADInternals.Native]::copyLsassToken())
                {
                    Write-Warning "Running as LOCAL SYSTEM. You MUST restart PowerShell to restore $CurrentUser rights."
                }
                else
                {
                    Write-Error "Could not elevate, unable to decrypt. MUST be run as administrator!"
                    return
                }
            }
            
            # Decrypt the private key properties using DPAPI
            $decPrivateProperties = [Security.Cryptography.ProtectedData]::Unprotect($privatePropertiesBlob, $DPAPI_ENTROPY_CNG_KEY_PROPERTIES, $dpapiScope)
            $attributes["PrivateKeyProperties"] = $decPrivateProperties

            # Decrypt the private key blob using DPAPI
            $decPrivateBlob = [Security.Cryptography.ProtectedData]::Unprotect($privateKeyBlob, $DPAPI_ENTROPY_CNG_KEY_BLOB, $dpapiScope)
            $attributes["PrivateKeyBlob"] = $decPrivateBlob

            # Convert to RSAFULLPRIVATEBLOB to get all parameters
            $fullPrivateBlob = [AADInternals.Native]::convertKey($decPrivateBlob,"RSAPRIVATEBLOB", "RSAFULLPRIVATEBLOB")
            $attributes["FullPrivateKeyBlob"] = $fullPrivateBlob
            $attributes["RSAParameters"] = Parse-KeyBLOB -Key $fullPrivateBlob
            
        }

        return New-Object psobject -Property $attributes
        
    }
}

# Splits the given string to the given line lenght using the given separator
# Dec 17th 2021
function Split-String
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [string]$String,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [int]$LineLength = 64,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [string]$Separator = "`n"
    )
    Process
    {
        $retVal = ""
        $p = 0

        while($p -lt $String.Length)
        {
            if($String.Length - $p -lt $LineLength)
            {
                $retVal += $String.Substring($p)
                break
            }
            else
            {
                $retVal += $String.Substring($p, $LineLength)
                $retVal += $Separator
                $p += $LineLength
            }
        }

        return $retVal
    }
}

# Creates a new RSA keyBLOB from the given RSAParameters
# Dec 19th 2021
Function New-KeyBLOB
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.RSAParameters]$Parameters,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [ValidateSet('RSA1','RSA2','RSA3')]
        [String]$Type
    )
    process
    {
        # Set the size information
        $bitlen = $Parameters.Modulus.Length * 8
        $pubLen = $Parameters.Exponent.Length
        $modlen = $Parameters.Modulus.Length
        $pri1len = 0
        $pri2len = 0
        
        # Calculate the needed blob size for RSA1 (RSAPUBLICBLOB)
        $headerLen = 6 * [System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal]::SizeOf([uint32]::new())
        $blobLen =  $headerLen + $pubLen + $modLen

        # Check the parameters and choose the type accordingly
        if($Type -eq "RSA3" -and (!$Parameters.DP -or !$Parameters.DQ -or !$Parameters.InverseQ -or !$Parameters.D))
        {
            Write-Warning "No parameters for RSA3, creating RSA2"
            $Type = "RSA2"
        }
        if($Type -eq "RSA2" -and (!$Parameters.P -or !$Parameters.D))
        {
            Write-Warning "No parameters for RSA2, creating RSA1"
            $Type = "RSA1"
        }

        # If RSA2 or RSA3, set the P & Q lenghts
        if($Type -ne "RSA1")
        {
            $pri1len = $Parameters.P.Length
            $pri2len = $Parameters.Q.Length
        }

        # Adjust the total lenght for RSA2 (RSAPRIVATEBLOB)
        if($Type -eq "RSA2")
        {
            $blobLen += $modLen
        }

        # Adjust the total lenght for RSA3 (RSAFULLPRIVATEBLOB)
        if($Type -eq "RSA3")
        {
            $blobLen += $modLen + (5 * $modlen/2)
        }
        
        # Create the blob
        $blob = New-Object byte[] $blobLen

        $magic = [text.encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes($Type)

        $p = 0

        # Set the magic and size information
        [Array]::Copy($magic, 0, $blob, $p, 4); $p += 4
        [Array]::Copy([bitconverter]::GetBytes([UInt32]$bitLen) , 0, $blob, $p, 4); $p += 4
        [Array]::Copy([bitconverter]::GetBytes([UInt32]$pubLen) , 0, $blob, $p, 4); $p += 4
        [Array]::Copy([bitconverter]::GetBytes([UInt32]$modLen) , 0, $blob, $p, 4); $p += 4
        [Array]::Copy([bitconverter]::GetBytes([UInt32]$pri1len), 0, $blob, $p, 4); $p += 4
        [Array]::Copy([bitconverter]::GetBytes([UInt32]$pri2len), 0, $blob, $p, 4); $p += 4

        # Set the public exponent and modulus
        [Array]::Copy($Parameters.Exponent, 0, $blob, $p, $pubLen) ; $p += $pubLen
        [Array]::Copy($Parameters.Modulus , 0, $blob, $p, $modLen) ; $p += $modLen

        # Set the private parameters for RSA2 & RSA3
        if($Type -eq "RSA2" -or $Type -eq "RSA3")
        {
            [Array]::Copy($Parameters.P        , 0, $blob, $p, $pri1len) ; $p += $pri1len
            [Array]::Copy($Parameters.Q        , 0, $blob, $p, $pri2len) ; $p += $pri2len
        }

        # Set the private parameters for RSA3
        if($Type -eq "RSA3")
        {
            [Array]::Copy($Parameters.DP       , 0, $blob, $p, $pri1len) ; $p += $pri1len
            [Array]::Copy($Parameters.DQ       , 0, $blob, $p, $pri2len) ; $p += $pri2len
            [Array]::Copy($Parameters.InverseQ , 0, $blob, $p, $pri2len) ; $p += $pri2len
            [Array]::Copy($Parameters.D        , 0, $blob, $p, $modLen)
        }
        
        return $blob

    }
}

# Creates a new pfx file from the given certificate and private key (RSAParameters)
# Feb 6th 2022
Function New-PfxFile
{

    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [System.Security.Cryptography.RSAParameters]$RSAParameters,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$X509Certificate
    )
    Begin
    {
        Add-Type -path "$PSScriptRoot\BouncyCastle.Crypto.dll"
    }
    Process
    {
        # Create X509 and private key entries
        $x509entry       = [Org.BouncyCastle.Pkcs.X509CertificateEntry]::new([Org.BouncyCastle.X509.X509Certificate ]::new($X509Certificate))
        $privateKeyEntry = [Org.BouncyCastle.Pkcs.AsymmetricKeyEntry ]::new([Org.BouncyCastle.Security.DotNetUtilities]::GetRsaKeyPair($RSAParameters).Private)

        # Create a PKCS12 store and add entries
        $pkcsStore = [Org.BouncyCastle.Pkcs.Pkcs12StoreBuilder]::new().Build()
        $pkcsStore.SetKeyEntry($null,$privateKeyEntry,$x509entry)

        # Export as byte array
        $stream = [System.IO.MemoryStream]::new()
        $pkcsStore.Save($stream,$null,[Org.BouncyCastle.Security.SecureRandom]::new())
        $pfxFile = $stream.ToArray() 
        $stream.Dispose()
        
        # Return
        return $pfxFile
    }
}


# Checks is the current user running as Administrator
# Feb 6th 2022
function Test-LocalAdministrator  
{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [switch]$Throw,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [switch]$Warn
    )
    Process
    {  
        $isAdmin = [Security.Principal.WindowsPrincipal]::new([Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent()).IsInRole([Security.Principal.WindowsBuiltinRole]::Administrator)

        if(!$isAdmin -and $Throw)
        {
            Write-Warning "The PowerShell session is not elevated, please run as Administrator."
        }
        elseif(!$isAdmin -and $Throw)
        {
            Throw "The PowerShell session is not elevated, please run as Administrator."
        }
        return $isAdmin
    }
}


# Parses the given CAPI blob
# Mar 3th 2022
function Parse-CapiBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [switch]$Decrypt,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [switch]$LocalMachine
    )
    Begin
    {
        Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Security
    }
    Process
    {
        # Parse the header
        $version =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,0)
        if($version -ne 2)
        {
            Throw "Unsupported version ($Version), expected 2"
        }
        $unk1          = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,4)
        $nameLen       = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,8)
        $unk2          = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,12)
        $unk3          = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,16)
        $publicKeyLen  = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,20)
        $privateKeyLen = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,24)
        $unk4          = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,28)
        $unk5          = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,32)
        $privatePropertiesLen = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,36)

        $name = [text.encoding]::Ascii.GetString($Data, 40, $nameLen-1)

        Write-Verbose "Parsing CAPI key: $name"

        # Set the position
        $p = 40+$nameLen

        $unkArray = $Data[$p..($p + 20 -1)]; $p += 20

        # Public key CAPI blob
        $publicKeyBlob = $Data[$p..$($p + $publicKeyLen - 1)]; $p += $publicKeyLen
        
        # Get the private key and private properties blobs
        $privateKeyBlob        = $Data[$p..$($p + $privateKeyLen -1)] ; $p += $privateKeyLen
        $privatePropertiesBlob = $Data[$p..$($p + $privatePropertiesLen -1)] 

        $attributes = [ordered]@{
            "Name"           = $name
            "PrivateKeyBlob" = @()
            "RSAParameters"  = Parse-CAPIKeyBLOB -Key $publicKeyBlob
        }
        if($Decrypt)
        {
            $dpapiScope = "CurrentUser"
            
            if($LocalMachine)
            {
                $CurrentUser = "{0}\{1}" -f $env:USERDOMAIN,$env:USERNAME
        
                $dpapiScope = "LocalMachine"
                # Elevate to get access to the DPAPI keys
                if([AADInternals.Native]::copyLsassToken())
                {
                    Write-Warning "Running as LOCAL SYSTEM. You MUST restart PowerShell to restore $CurrentUser rights."
                }
                else
                {
                    Write-Error "Could not elevate, unable to decrypt. MUST be run as administrator!"
                    return
                }
            }
            
            # Decrypt the private key properties using DPAPI
            $decPrivateProperties = [Security.Cryptography.ProtectedData]::Unprotect($privatePropertiesBlob, $DPAPI_ENTROPY_CAPI_KEY_PROPERTIES, $dpapiScope)
            $attributes["PrivateKeyProperties"] = $decPrivateProperties

            # Decrypt the private key blob using DPAPI
            $decPrivateBlob = [Security.Cryptography.ProtectedData]::Unprotect($privateKeyBlob, $null, $dpapiScope)
            
            # Parse the CAPI blob
            $attributes["RSAParameters"] = Parse-CAPIKeyBLOB -Key $decPrivateBlob
        }

        return New-Object psobject -Property $attributes
        
    }
}

# Parses the given CAPI Key BLOB and returns RSAParameters
# Mar 8th 2022
Function Parse-CAPIKeyBLOB
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [Byte[]]$Key
    )
    process
    {
        $magic    = [text.encoding]::ASCII.GetString($Key[0..3])
        $modlen   = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,4)
        $bitlen   = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,8)
        $unknown  = [bitconverter]::ToUInt32($Key,12)
        $publen   = 4

        $headerLen = 4 * [System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal]::SizeOf([uint32]::new())

        # Parse RSA1
        $p = $headerLen
        $pubexp  = $Key[($p)..($p + $publen -1)]; $p += $publen
        $modulus = $key[($p)..($p + $modlen -9)]; $p += $modlen
        
        # Parse RSA2 (RSAPRIVATEBLOB)
        if($magic -eq "RSA2") 
        {
            $prime1 =           $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $p += 4
            $prime2 =           $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $p += 4
            $exponent1 =        $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $p += 4
            $exponent2 =        $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $p += 4
            $coefficient =      $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/16)] ; $p += $bitlen/16
            $p += 4
            $privateExponent =  $key[($p)..($p-1 + $bitlen/8)] 
        }
        
        $attributes=@{
            "D" =        $privateExponent
            "DP" =       $exponent1
            "DQ" =       $exponent2
            "Exponent" = $pubexp
            "InverseQ" = $coefficient
            "Modulus" =  $modulus
            "P" =        $prime1
            "Q"=         $prime2
        }

        # Reverse
        foreach($name in $attributes.Keys)
        {
            if($attributes[$name])
            {
                [Array]::Reverse($attributes[$name])
            }
        }

        [System.Security.Cryptography.RSAParameters]$RSAParameters = New-Object psobject -Property $attributes

        return $RSAParameters
    }
}

# Gets a substring from a string between given "tags"
# May 23rd 2022
Function Get-Substring
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string]$String,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string]$Start,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string]$End
    )
    process
    {
        $s = $String.IndexOf($Start) + $Start.Length
        if($s -lt 0)
        {
            return
        }
        $e = $String.IndexOf($End,$s)
        if($e -lt 0)
        {
            return
        }
        return $String.Substring($s,$e-$s)
    }
}

# Parses the given Cert BLOB and returns the parsed attributes
# Aug 17th 2022
function Parse-CertBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data
    )
    
    Process
    {
        # Parse the header
        $p = 0;
        $version =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        if($version -ne 3)
        {
            Throw "Unsupported version ($Version), expected 3"
        }
        $unk1     = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $tpLen    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $tpBin    = $Data[$p..($p+$tpLen-1)]; $p += $tpLen

        $unk3     = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk4     = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk5Len  = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk5     = $Data[$p..($p+$unk5Len-1)]; $p += $unk5Len

        $unk6     = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk7     = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk8Len  = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk8     = $Data[$p..($p+$unk8Len-1)]; $p += $unk8Len

        $unk9     = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk10    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $keyFileLen  = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $keyFile  = $Data[$p..($p+$keyFileLen-1)]; $p += $keyFileLen

        $unk12    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk13    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk14Len = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk14    = $Data[$p..($p+$unk14Len-1)]; $p += $unk14Len

        $unk15    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk16    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk17    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk18    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk19    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk20    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk21    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk22    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk23    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk24    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk25    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk26    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk27    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk28    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4

        # Read the key name
        $s = $p
        while($Data[$p] -ne 0 -and $Data[$p+1] -eq 0)
        {
            $p+=2
        }
        $p+=2
        $keyName = [System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($Data,$s,$p-$s)

        $unk29    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4

        # Read the provider
        $s = $p
        while($Data[$p] -ne 0 -and $Data[$p+1] -eq 0)
        {
            $p+=2
        }
        $p+=2
        $provider = [System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($Data,$s,$p-$s)

        $unk30    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk31    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk32    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk33Len = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk33    = $Data[$p..($p+$unk33Len-1)]; $p += $unk33Len
        $domain   = [System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($unk33)

        $unk34    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $unk35    = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4

        # Read the der
        $derLen   = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p); $p += 4
        $der      = $Data[$p..($p+$derLen-1)]; $p += $derLen

        $attributes=[ordered]@{
            "KeyFileName" = (Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $keyFile).ToUpper()
            "KeyName"     = $keyName
            "Provider"    = $provider
            "Domain"      = $domain
            "DER"         = $der
            "Thumbprint"  = (Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $tpBin).ToUpper()
        }

        return New-Object psobject -Property $attributes
        
    }
}

# Checks whether the multi-byte integer has more bytes
function Check-ContinuationBit
{
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte]$byteVal
    )

    [byte] $continuationBitmask = 0x80;
    return ($continuationBitmask -band $byteval) -ne 0
}

# Encodes integer as multi-byte integer
function Encode-MultiByteInteger
{
    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [int]$value
    )
    Process
    {
        # If integer is 0, just return that
        if($value -eq 0)
        {
            return 0
        }

        $byteList = @()

        $shiftedValue = $value;

        while ($value -gt 0)
        {
            $addByte = [byte]($value -band 0x7F)

            if ($byteList.Count -gt 0)
            {
                    $addByte = $addByte -bor 0x80
            }
            $newList = @()
            $newList += $addByte
            $newList += $byteList
            $byteList = $newList
       

            $value = $value -shr 7;
        }

        return $byteList
    }
}

# Decodes multi-byte integer from the given byte array
# Sep 29th 2022
function Decode-MultiByteInteger
{
    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [ref]$Position,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [switch]$Reverse,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [switch]$Google
    )
    Process
    {
        $p = $Position.Value

        $nBytes = 1
        $bytes = New-Object Byte[] 8

        if($Google)
        {
            # Ref: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/encoding#varints

            # Strip the continuation bit and add to an array
            while((Check-ContinuationBit($Data[$p])) -and $nBytes -lt 8)
            {
                $bytes[$nBytes-1] = $Data[$p] -band 0x7F
                $p++
                $nBytes++
            }
            $bytes[$nBytes-1] = $Data[$p] -band 0x7F
            $p++

            # Reverse the array
            [Array]::Reverse($bytes)

            # Shift bits
            $n = 7
            while($n -gt 8-$nBytes)
            {
                $shiftedToNext = $bytes[$n-1] -shl $n
                $byte = $bytes[$n] -shr 7-$n
                $bytes[$n] = $shiftedToNext -bor $byte
                $n--
            }
            $bytes[$n] = $bytes[$n] -shr 7-$n

            [Array]::Reverse($bytes)
        }
        else
        {
            # Loop until all bytes are handled
            while((Check-ContinuationBit($Data[$p])) -and $nBytes -lt 8)
            {
                # Strip the continuation bit (not really needed as shifting to left)
                [byte]$byte = $Data[$p] -band 0x7F

                # Shift bits to left 8-$nBytes times
                [byte]$shiftedToNext = $byte -shl (8-$nBytes)

                # Shift bits to right $nBytes times
                $byte = $byte -shr $nBytes

                # Add to byte array by binary or as there might be shifted bits
                $bytes[$nBytes-1] = $bytes[$nBytes-1] -bor $byte

                # Add shifted bits
                $bytes[$nBytes]   = $shiftedToNext
                $nBytes++
                $p++
            }
            # Add to byte array by binary or as there might be shifted bits
            $bytes[$nBytes-1] = $bytes[$nBytes-1] -bor $Data[$p]
            $p++
        }

        # Reverse as needed
        if($Reverse)
        {
            $reversedBytes = New-Object Byte[] 8
            [Array]::Copy($bytes,0,$reversedBytes,8-$nBytes,$nBytes)
            [Array]::Reverse($reversedBytes)
            $bytes = $reversedBytes
        }

        $Position.Value = $p

        return [bitconverter]::ToInt64($bytes,0)
    }
}

# Gets the content of the given file as byte array
# Sep 30th 2022
function Get-BinaryContent
{
    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true, ValueFromPipeline, Position=0)]
        [string]$Path
    )
    Process
    {
        #return [System.IO.File]::ReadAllBytes([System.IO.Path]::GetFullPath($Path))
        if($PSVersionTable.PSVersion.Major -ge 6)
        {
            Get-Content -Path $Path -AsByteStream -Raw
        }
        else
        {
            Get-Content -Path $Path -Encoding Byte
        }
    }
}

# Sets the content of the given file with given byte array
# Sep 30th 2022
function Set-BinaryContent
{
    param(
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true, ValueFromPipeline, Position=0)]
        [string]$Path,
        [parameter(Mandatory=$true, ValueFromPipeline, Position=1)]
        [byte[]]$Value
    )
    Process
    {
        if($PSVersionTable.PSVersion.Major -ge 6)
        {
            Set-Content -Path $Path -Value $Value -AsByteStream
        }
        else
        {
            Set-Content -Path $Path -Value $Value -Encoding Byte
        }
    }
}