AADInternals

0.7.1

AD_utils.ps1

# This file contains functions for various Active Directory related operations

# Import the Native Methods dll
Add-Type -path "$PSScriptRoot\Win32Ntv.dll"

# Hash and encryption algorithms
$ALGS=@{
    0x00006603 = "3DES"
    0x00006609 = "3DES 112"
    0x00006611 = "AES"
    0x0000660e = "AES 128"
    0x0000660f = "AES 192"
    0x00006610 = "AES 256"
    0x0000aa03 = "AGREEDKEY ANY"
    0x0000660c = "CYLINK MEK"
    0x00006601 = "DES"
    0x00006604 = "DESX"
    0x0000aa02 = "DH EPHEM"
    0x0000aa01 = "DH SF"
    0x00002200 = "DSS SIGN"
    0x0000aa05 = "ECDH"
    0x0000ae06 = "ECDH EPHEM"
    0x00002203 = "ECDSA"
    0x0000a001 = "ECMQV"
    0x0000800b = "HASH REPLACE OWF"
    0x0000a003 = "HUGHES MD5"
    0x00008009 = "HMAC"
    0x0000aa04 = "KEA KEYX"
    0x00008005 = "MAC"
    0x00008001 = "MD2"
    0x00008002 = "MD4"
    0x00008003 = "MD5"
    0x00002000 = "NO SIGN"
    0xffffffff = "OID INFO CNG ONLY"
    0xfffffffe = "OID INFO PARAMETERS"
    0x00004c04 = "PCT1 MASTER"
    0x00006602 = "RC2"
    0x00006801 = "RC4"
    0x0000660d = "RC5"
    0x0000a400 = "RSA KEYX"
    0x00002400 = "RSA SIGN"
    0x00004c07 = "SCHANNEL ENC KEY"
    0x00004c03 = "SCHANNEL MAC KEY"
    0x00004c02 = "SCHANNEL MASTER HASH"
    0x00006802 = "SEAL"
    0x00008004 = "SHA1"
    0x0000800c = "SHA 256"
    0x0000800d = "SHA 384"
    0x0000800e = "SHA 512"
    0x0000660a = "SKIPJACK"
    0x00004c05 = "SSL2 MASTER"
    0x00004c01 = "SSL3 MASTER"
    0x00008008 = "SSL3 SHAMD5"
    0x0000660b = "TEK"
    0x00004c06 = "TLS1 MASTER"
    0x0000800a = "TLS1PRF"
}

# Gets the class name of the given registry key (can't be read with pure PowerShell)
# Mar 25th 2020
function Invoke-RegQueryInfoKey
{

    [CmdletBinding()]

    
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey]$RegKey
    )

    Process
    {
        # Create the StringBuilder and length to retrieve the class name
        $length = 255
        $name = New-Object System.Text.StringBuilder $length

        # LastWrite
        [int64]$lw=0

        $error = [AADInternals.Native]::RegQueryInfoKey(
            $RegKey.Handle,
            $name,         # ClassName
            [ref] $length, # ClassNameLength
            $null,         # Reserved
            [ref] $null,   # SubKeyCount
            [ref] $null,   # MaxSubKeyNameLength
            [ref] $null,   # MaxClassLength
            [ref] $null,   # ValueCount
            [ref] $null,   # MaxValueNameLength
            [ref] $null,   # MaxValueValueLength
            [ref] $null,   # SecurityDescriptorSize
            [ref] $lw      # LastWrite
        )

        if ($error -ne 0) {
            Throw "Error while invoking RegQueryInfoKey"
        }
        else {
            $hexValue = $name.ToString()
            if([String]::IsNullOrEmpty($hexValue))
            {
                Write-Error "RegQueryInfoKey: ClassName is empty"
            }
            else
            {
                return Convert-HexToByteArray $hexValue
            }
            
        }
    }
}

# Gets the boot key from the registry
# Mar 25th 2020
function Get-Bootkey
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param()
    Process
    {
        # Get the current controlset
        $cc = "{0:000}" -f (Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SYSTEM\Select" -Name "Current")

        # Construct the bootkey
        $lsaKey = "HKLM:\SYSTEM\ControlSet$cc\Control\Lsa"
        $bootKey =  Invoke-RegQueryInfoKey (Get-Item "$lsaKey\JD")
        $bootKey += Invoke-RegQueryInfoKey (Get-Item "$lsaKey\Skew1")
        $bootKey += Invoke-RegQueryInfoKey (Get-Item "$lsaKey\GBG") 
        $bootKey += Invoke-RegQueryInfoKey (Get-Item "$lsaKey\Data")

        # Return the bootkey with the correct byte order
        $bootKeyBytes=@(
            $bootKey[0x08]
            $bootKey[0x05]
            $bootKey[0x04]
            $bootKey[0x02]
            $bootKey[0x0B]
            $bootKey[0x09]
            $bootKey[0x0D]
            $bootKey[0x03]
            $bootKey[0x00]
            $bootKey[0x06]
            $bootKey[0x01]
            $bootKey[0x0C]
            $bootKey[0x0E]
            $bootKey[0x0A]
            $bootKey[0x0F]
            $bootKey[0x07]
        )

        Write-Verbose "BootKey (SysKey): $((Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $bootKeyBytes).toLower())"

        return $bootKeyBytes
    }
}

# Gets the computer name
# Apr 24th 2020
function Get-ComputerName
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Switch]$FQDN
    )
    Process
    {
        # Get the server name from the registry
        $computer = Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\ComputerName\ComputerName" -Name "ComputerName"

        if($FQDN)
        {
            # Get the domain part
            $domain = Get-ComputerDomainName
        }

        Write-Verbose "ComputerName: $computer"
        
        return $computer
    }
}

# Gets the domain of the computer
# Aug 28th 2022
function Get-ComputerDomainName
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Switch]$NetBIOS
    )
    Process
    {
        # Get the FQDN from the registry
        
        $domainName = Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters" -Name "Domain"
        if(!$domainName)
        {
            throw "Could not get FQDN from registry."
        }
        Write-Verbose "Domain name: $domainName"

        # Get NetBIOS using WMIC
        if($NetBIOS)
        {
            Write-Verbose "Getting NetBIOS domain name for $domainName using WMIC"
            $wmiDomain = Get-WmiObject Win32_NTDomain -Filter "DnsForestName = '$($domainName)'"
            if(!$wmiDomain)
            {
                throw "Could not get NetBIOS domain for $FQDN using WMIC"
            }
            $DomainName = $wmiDomain.DomainName
            Write-Verbose "NetBIOS domain: $domainName"
        }

        return $domainName
    }
}


# Gets the machine guid
# Mar 25th 2020
function Get-MachineGuid
{
    Process
    {
        $registryValue = Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Cryptography" -Name "MachineGuid"

        return [guid] $registryValue.MachineGuid

    }
}

# Gets the DPAPI_SYSTEM keys
# Apr 23rd 2020
function Get-DPAPIKeys
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets DPAPI system keys
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets DPAPI system keys which can be used to decrypt secrets of all users encrypted with DPAPI.
    MUST be run on a domain controller as an administrator
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntDPAPIKeys
 
    UserKey UserKeyHex MachineKey MachineKeyHex
    ------- ---------- ---------- -------------
    {16, 130, 39, 122...} 1082277ac85a532018930b782c30b7f2f91f7677 {226, 88, 102, 95...} e258665f0a016a7c215ceaf29ee1ae17b9f017b9
 
    .Example
    $dpapi_keys=Get-AADIntDPAPIKeys
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param()
    Process
    {
        $LSAsecrets = Get-LSASecrets -Users "DPAPI_SYSTEM"
        foreach($secret in $LSAsecrets)
        {
            if($secret.Name -eq "DPAPI_SYSTEM")
            {
                # Strip the first two DWORDs
                $key =        $secret.Password[4..$($secret.Password.Length-1)] 
                $userKey    = $key[0..19] 
                $machineKey = $key[20..39]
                $attributes=[ordered]@{
                    "UserKey" =       $userKey
                    "UserKeyHex" =    Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $userKey
                    "MachineKey" =    $machineKey
                    "MachineKeyHex" = Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $machineKey
                    }
                return New-Object psobject -Property $attributes
            }
        }
    }
}


# Decrypts the given data using the given key and InitialVector (IV)
# Apr 24th 2020
function Decrypt-LSASecretData
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$Key,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$InitialVector
    )
    Process
    {
        # Create a SHA256 object
        $sha256 = [System.Security.Cryptography.SHA256]::Create()

        # Derive the encryption key (first hash with the key, and then 1000 times with IV)
        $sha256.TransformBlock($Key,0,$Key.Length,$null,0) | Out-Null
        for($a = 0 ; $a -lt 999; $a++)
        {
            $sha256.TransformBlock($InitialVector,0,$InitialVector.Length,$null,0) | Out-Null
        }
        $sha256.TransformFinalBlock($InitialVector,0,$InitialVector.Length) | Out-Null
        $encryptionKey = $sha256.Hash

        # Create an AES decryptor
        $aes=New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.AesCryptoServiceProvider
        $aes.Mode="ECB"
        $aes.Padding="None"
        $aes.KeySize = 256
        $aes.Key = $encryptionKey
        
        # Decrypt the data
        $dec = $aes.CreateDecryptor()
        $decryptedData = $dec.TransformFinalBlock($Data,0,$Data.Count)

        # return
        return $decryptedData

    }
}

# Parse LSA secrets Blob
# Apr 24th 2020
function Parse-LSASecretBlob
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$Data
    )
    Process
    {
        $version =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data[3..0], 0)
        $guid =      [guid][byte[]]($Data[4..19])
        $algorithm = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data, 20)
        $flags =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data, 24)
        $lazyIv =    $Data[28..59]

        Write-Verbose "Key ID: $($guid.ToString())"

        New-Object -TypeName PSObject -Property @{
            "Version" =   $version
            "GUID" =      $guid
            "Algorighm" = $algorithm
            "Flags" =     $flags
            "IV" =        $lazyIv
            "Data" =      $Data[60..$($Data.Length)]
            }
    }
}

# Parse LSA password Blob
# Apr 24th 2020
function Parse-LSAPasswordBlob
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$PasswordBlob
    )
    Process
    {
        # Get the size
        $BlobSize = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($PasswordBlob,0)
        
        # Get the actual data (strip the first four DWORDs)
        $Blob = $PasswordBlob[16..$(16+$BlobSize-1)]

        
        Write-Verbose "Password Blob: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $Blob)"

        return $Blob
    }
}

# Parses LSA keystream
# Apr 24th 2020
function Parse-LSAKeyStream
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$KeyStream
    )
    Process
    {
        # Get the stream size
        $streamSize = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($KeyStream,0)
        
        # Get the actual data (strip the first four DWORDs)
        $streamData = $KeyStream[16..$(16+$streamSize-1)]

        # Parse the keystream metadata
        $ksType = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($streamData[0..3], 0)
        $CurrentKeyID = [guid][byte[]]($streamData[4..19])
        Write-Verbose "Current LSA key Id: $($CurrentKeyID.ToString())"
        $ksType2 = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($streamData, 20)
        $ksNumKeys = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($streamData, 24)
        Write-Verbose "Number of LSA keys: $ksNumKeys"

        # Loop through the list of the keys, start right after the header information
        $pos=28
        $keys=@{}
        for($a = 0; $a -lt $ksNumKeys ; $a++)
        {
            $keyId = [guid][byte[]]($streamData[$pos..$($pos+15)])
            $pos+=16

            $keyType = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($streamData[$pos..$($pos+3)], 0)
            $pos+=4

            $keySize = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($streamData[$pos..$($pos+3)], 0)
            $pos+=4

            $keyBytes = [byte[]]($streamData[$pos..$($pos+$keySize-1)])
            $pos+=$keySize

            Write-Verbose "LSA Key $($a+1) Id:$($keyId.ToString()), $((Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $keyBytes).toLower())"

            $keys[$keyId.ToString()] = $keyBytes
        }

        return $keys
    }
}

# Gets LSA secrets
# Apr 24th 2020
# Aug 29th 2022: Added support for Group Managed Service Accounts (GMSA)
function Get-LSASecrets
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets computer's LSA Secrets from registry.
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets computer's Local Security Authority (LSA) secrets from registry. MUST be run as an administrator.
 
    .PARAMETER AccountName
    The account name of a service
 
    .PARAMETER Users
    List of users
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntLSASecrets
 
    Name : $MACHINE.ACC
    Account :
    Password : {131, 100, 104, 117...}
    PasswordHex : 836468758afd792..
    PasswordTxt : 撃畨ﶊ⵹脅䰐血⺹颶姾..
    Credentials :
    MD4 : {219, 201, 145, 228...}
    SHA1 : {216, 95, 90, 3...}
    MD4Txt : dbc991e4e611cf4dbd0d853f54489caf
    SHA1Txt : d85f5a030b06061329ba93ac7da2f446981a02b6
 
    Name : DPAPI_SYSTEM
    Account :
    Password : {1, 0, 0, 0...}
    PasswordHex : 010000000c63b569390..
    PasswordTxt :  挌榵9႘ૂਧ绣똚鲐쒽뾮㌡懅..
    Credentials :
    MD4 : {85, 41, 246, 248...}
    SHA1 : {32, 31, 39, 107...}
    MD4Txt : 5529f6f89c797f7d95224a554f460ea5
    SHA1Txt : 201f276b05fa087a0b7e37f7052d581813d52b46
 
    Name : NL$KM
    Account :
    Password : {209, 118, 66, 10...}
    PasswordHex : d176420abde330d3e443212b...
    PasswordTxt : 监ੂ팰䏤⬡ꎛ녀䚃劤⪠钤␎／뜕ະ׏...
    Credentials :
    MD4 : {157, 45, 19, 202...}
    SHA1 : {197, 144, 115, 117...}
    MD4Txt : 9d2d13cac899b491114129e5ebe00939
    SHA1Txt : c590737514c8f22607fc79d771b61b1a1505c3ee
 
    Name : _SC_AADConnectProvisioningAgent
    Account : COMPANY\provAgentgMSA
    Password : {176, 38, 6, 7...}
    PasswordHex : b02606075f962ab4474bd570dc..
    PasswordTxt : ⚰܆陟됪䭇...
    Credentials : System.Management.Automation.PSCredential
    MD4 : {123, 211, 194, 182...}
    SHA1 : {193, 238, 187, 166...}
    MD4Txt : 7bd3c2b62b66024e4e066a1f4902221e
    SHA1Txt : c1eebba61a72d8a4e78b1cefd27c555b83a39cb4
 
    Name : _SC_ADSync
    Account : COMPANY\AAD_5baf82738e9c
    Password : {41, 0, 45, 0...}
    PasswordHex : 29002d004e0024002a00...
    PasswordTxt : )-N$*s=322jSQnm-YG#z2z...
    Credentials : System.Management.Automation.PSCredential
    MD4 : {81, 210, 222, 155...}
    SHA1 : {94, 74, 122, 142...}
    MD4Txt : 51d2de9b89b81d0cb371a829a2d19fe2
    SHA1Txt : 5e4a7a8e220652c11cf64d25b1dcf63da7ce4bf1
 
    Name : _SC_GMSA_DPAPI_{C6810348-4834-4a1e-817D-5838604E6004}_15030c93b7affb1fe7dc418b9dab42addf5
                  74c56b3e7a83450fc4f3f8a382028
    Account :
    Password : {131, 250, 57, 146...}
    PasswordHex : 83fa3992cd076f3476e8be7e04...
    PasswordTxt : 廙鈹ߍ㑯纾�≦瀛･௰镭꾔浪�ꨲ컸Ｏ⩂�..
    Credentials :
    MD4 : {198, 74, 199, 231...}
    SHA1 : {78, 213, 16, 126...}
    MD4Txt : c64ac7e7d2defe99afdf0026b79bbab9
    SHA1Txt : 4ed5107ee08123635f08390e106ed000f96273fd
 
    Name : _SC_GMSA_{84A78B8C-56EE-465b-8496-FFB35A1B52A7}_15030c93b7affb1fe7dc418b9dab42addf574c56b
                  3e7a83450fc4f3f8a382028
    Account : COMPANY\sv_ADFS
    Password : {213, 89, 245, 60...}
    PasswordHex : d559f53cdc2aa6dffe32d6b23...
    PasswordTxt : 姕㳵⫝̸�㋾닖�स䥥⫮Ꭸ베꺻ᢆ㒍梩神蔼廄...
    Credentials : System.Management.Automation.PSCredential
    MD4 : {223, 4, 60, 193...}
    SHA1 : {86, 201, 125, 70...}
    MD4Txt : df043cc10709bd9f94aa273ec7a54b68
    SHA1Txt : 56c97d46b5072ebb8c5c7bfad4b8c1c18f3b48d0
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntLSASecrets -AccountName COMPANY\AAD_5baf82738e9c
 
    Name : _SC_ADSync
    Account : COMPANY\AAD_5baf82738e9c
    Password : {41, 0, 45, 0...}
    PasswordHex : 29002d004e0024002a00...
    PasswordTxt : )-N$*s=322jSQnm-YG#z2z...
    Credentials : System.Management.Automation.PSCredential
    MD4 : {81, 210, 222, 155...}
    SHA1 : {94, 74, 122, 142...}
    MD4Txt : 51d2de9b89b81d0cb371a829a2d19fe2
    SHA1Txt : 5e4a7a8e220652c11cf64d25b1dcf63da7ce4bf1
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntLSASecrets -AccountName COMPANY\sv_ADFS
 
    Name : _SC_GMSA_{84A78B8C-56EE-465b-8496-FFB35A1B52A7}_15030c93b7affb1fe7dc418b9dab42addf574c56b
                  3e7a83450fc4f3f8a382028
    Account : COMPANY\sv_ADFS
    Password : {213, 89, 245, 60...}
    PasswordHex : d559f53cdc2aa6dffe32d6b23...
    PasswordTxt : 姕㳵⫝̸�㋾닖�स䥥⫮Ꭸ베꺻ᢆ㒍梩神蔼廄...
    Credentials : System.Management.Automation.PSCredential
    MD4 : {223, 4, 60, 193...}
    SHA1 : {86, 201, 125, 70...}
    MD4Txt : df043cc10709bd9f94aa273ec7a54b68
    SHA1Txt : 56c97d46b5072ebb8c5c7bfad4b8c1c18f3b48d0
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntLSASecrets -Users DPAPI_SYSTEM
 
    Name : DPAPI_SYSTEM
    Account :
    Password : {1, 0, 0, 0...}
    PasswordHex : 010000000c63b569390..
    PasswordTxt :  挌榵9႘ૂਧ绣똚鲐쒽뾮㌡懅..
    Credentials :
    MD4 : {85, 41, 246, 248...}
    SHA1 : {32, 31, 39, 107...}
    MD4Txt : 5529f6f89c797f7d95224a554f460ea5
    SHA1Txt : 201f276b05fa087a0b7e37f7052d581813d52b46
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [String[]]$Users,
        [Parameter(ParameterSetName='Account',Mandatory=$False)]
        [String]$AccountName
        )
    Begin
    {
        $sha1Prov = New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.SHA1CryptoServiceProvider
    }
    Process
    {
        # First elevate the current thread by copying the token from LSASS.EXE
        $CurrentUser = "{0}\{1}" -f $env:USERDOMAIN,$env:USERNAME
        Write-Warning "Elevating to LOCAL SYSTEM. You MUST restart PowerShell to restore $CurrentUser rights."
        
        if([AADInternals.Native]::copyLsassToken())
        {
            #
            # Get the syskey a.k.a. bootkey
            #
            $syskey = Get-Bootkey
            
            #
            # Get the name and sid information
            #

            # Get the local name and sid
            $lnameBytes = Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\PolAcDmN" -Name "(default)"
            $LocalName = [text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($lnameBytes[8..$($lnameBytes.Length)])
            $lsidBytes = Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\PolAcDmS" -Name "(default)"
            $LocalSid=(New-Object System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier($lsidBytes,0)).Value

            # Get the domain name and sid
            $dnameBytes = Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\PolPrDmN" -Name "(default)"
            $DomainName = [text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($dnameBytes[8..$($dnameBytes.Length)]).Trim(0x00)
            $dsidBytes = Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\PolPrDmS" -Name "(default)"
            if($dsidBytes)
            {
                $DomainSid=(New-Object System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier($dsidBytes,0)).Value
            }

            # Get the domain FQDN
            $fqdnBytes = Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\PolDnDDN" -Name "(default)"
            $DomainFQDN = [text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($fqdnBytes[8..$($fqdnBytes.Length)]).Trim(0x00)
            
            Write-Verbose "Local: $LocalName ($LocalSid)"
            Write-Verbose "Domain: $DomainName ($DomainSid)"
            Write-Verbose "FQDN: $DomainFQDN"
            
            #
            # Get the encryption key Blob
            #

            $encKeyBlob = Parse-LSASecretBlob -Data (Get-ItemPropertyValue "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\PolEKList" -Name "(default)")
            Write-Verbose "Default key: $($encKeyBlob.GUID)"
            
            # Decrypt the encryption key Blob using the syskey
            $decKeyBlob = Decrypt-LSASecretData -Data ($encKeyBlob.Data) -Key $syskey -InitialVector ($encKeyBlob.IV)

            # Parse the keys
            $encKeys = Parse-LSAKeyStream -KeyStream $decKeyBlob

            
            #
            # Get the password Blobs for each system account
            #

            # Get service account names and gMSA names
            $gmsaNames = @{}
            $serviceAccounts = @{}
            foreach($service in Get-ServiceAccountNames)
            {
                $svcAccount = $service.AccountName
                if(![string]::IsNullOrEmpty($svcAccount) -and !$svcAccount.ToUpper().StartsWith("NT AUTHORITY\") -and !$svcAccount.ToUpper().StartsWith("NT SERVICE\") -and !$svcAccount.ToUpper().StartsWith("\DRIVER\") -and !$svcAccount.ToUpper().Equals("LOCALSYSTEM") )
                {
                    if($svcAccount.EndsWith('$'))
                    {
                        $svcAccount = $svcAccount.Substring(0,$svcAccount.Length-1)
                    }
                    $serviceAccounts[$service.Service] = $svcAccount
                    $parts = $svcAccount.Split('\')

                    $gmsaName = Get-GMSASecretName -Type GMSA -AccountName $parts[1] -DomainName $parts[0] 
                    $gmsaNames[$gmsaName] = $svcAccount
                }
            }

            # Create a user list for gMSA and SAs if AccountName was provided
            if(![string]::IsNullOrEmpty($AccountName))
            {
                Write-Verbose "Trying to find secret for account: $AccountName"
                if($AccountName.IndexOf("\") -lt 0)
                {
                    $AccountName = "$DomainName\$AccountName"
                }
                if($AccountName.EndsWith('$'))
                {
                    $AccountName = $AccountName.Substring(0,$AccountName.Length-1)
                }

                $parts = $AccountName.Split('\')
                $gmsaName = Get-GMSASecretName -Type GMSA -AccountName $parts[1] -DomainName $parts[0]
                $smsaName = "_SC_{262E99C9-6160-4871-ACEC-4E61736B6F21}_$($parts[1])$('$')"

                foreach($service in $serviceAccounts.Keys)
                {
                    if($serviceAccounts[$service] -eq $AccountName)
                    {
                        $saName = $service
                        break
                    }
                }


                $Users = @($gmsaName, $smsaName, "_SC_$saName")
            }

            # If users list not provided, retrieve all secrets
            if([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($Users))
            {
                $Users = Get-ChildItem "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\Secrets\" | select -ExpandProperty PSChildName
            }
            
            foreach($user in $Users)
            {
                # Return values
                $attributes=[ordered]@{}
                $md4=$null
                $sha1=$null
                $Md4txt=$null
                $Sha1txt=$null
                $account=$null

                # Create the registry key
                $regKey = "HKLM:\SECURITY\Policy\Secrets\$user\CurrVal"

                if(Test-Path $regKey)
                {
                    # Get the secret Blob from registry
                    $pwdBlob = Parse-LSASecretBlob -Data (Get-ItemPropertyValue $regKey -Name "(default)")
                
                    # Decrypt the password Blob using the correct encryption key
                    $decPwdBlob = Decrypt-LSASecretData -Data ($pwdBlob.Data) -Key $encKeys[$($pwdBlob.GUID.ToString())] -InitialVector ($pwdBlob.IV)

                    # Parse the Blob
                    if($user.StartsWith("_SC_GMSA_")) # Group Managed Service Account or GMSA DPAPI
                    {
                        # Strip the header
                        $pwdb = $decPwdBlob[16..$($decPwdBlob.length-1)] 

                        # Replace the user name
                        if($gmsaNames.ContainsKey($user))
                        {
                            $account = $gmsaNames[$user]
                        }

                        # Parse managed password blob for GMSA accounts
                        if($user.StartsWith("_SC_GMSA_{84A78B8C-56EE-465b-8496-FFB35A1B52A7}_"))
                        {
                            $gmsa = Parse-ManagedPasswordBlob -PasswordBlob $pwdb
                            $pwdb = $gmsa.CurrentPassword
                        }
                    }
                    elseif($user.StartsWith("_SC_{262E99C9-6160-4871-ACEC-4E61736B6F21}_")) # standalone Managed Service Account sMSA
                    {
                        # Strip the header
                        $pwdb = $decPwdBlob[16..$($decPwdBlob.length-1)] 
                        
                        $account = "$DomainName\$($user.SubString(43))" # "_SC_{262E99C9-6160-4871-ACEC-4E61736B6F21}_"
                        
                        # Strip the dollar sign
                        if($account.EndsWith('$'))
                        {
                            $account = $account.Substring(0,$account.Length-1)
                        }
                    }
                    elseif($user.StartsWith("_SC_")) # Service accounts doesn't have password Blob - just dump the data after the header
                    {
                        $serviceName = $user.SubString(4)
                        $account = $serviceAccounts[$serviceName]
                        $pwdb = $decPwdBlob[16..$($decPwdBlob.length-1)] 
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $pwdb = Parse-LSAPasswordBlob -PasswordBlob $decPwdBlob
                    }
                

                    # Strip the first DWORD for DPAPI_SYSTEM
                    if($name -eq "DPAPI_SYSTEM")
                    {
                        $pwdb = $pwdb[4..$($pwdb.Length)]

                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if($pwdb -ne $null)
                        {
                            $md4=Get-MD4 -bArray $pwdb -AsByteArray
                            $sha1 = $sha1Prov.ComputeHash($pwdb)

                            $md4txt =  Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $md4
                            $sha1txt = Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $sha1
                            Write-Verbose "MD4: $md4txt"
                            Write-Verbose "SHA1: $sha1txt"
                        }
                    }

                    # Add to return value
                    $attributes["Name"] =     $user
                    $attributes["Account"] =  $account
                    $attributes["Password"] = $pwdb
                    $attributes["PasswordHex"] = Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $pwdb
                    $attributes["PasswordTxt"] = ""
                    try{
                        $attributes["PasswordTxt"] = ([text.encoding]::Unicode.getString($pwdb)).trimend(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d))
                    }
                    catch{}
                    $attributes["Credentials"] = $null
                    try{
                        $attributes["Credentials"] = [pscredential]::new($account,($attributes["PasswordTxt"] | ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force))
                    }
                    catch{}
                    $attributes["MD4"] =      $md4
                    $attributes["SHA1"] =     $sha1
                    $attributes["MD4Txt"] =  $md4txt
                    $attributes["SHA1Txt"] = $sha1txt

                    Write-Verbose "$($user): $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $pwdb)" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

                    New-Object psobject -Property $attributes
                }
                else
                {
                    Write-Verbose "No secrets found for user $user"
                }
            }

            
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Error "Could not copy LSASS.EXE token. MUST be run as administrator"
        }
    }
}

# Gets LSA backup keys
# Apr 24th 2020
function Get-LSABackupKeys
{
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets LSA backup keys
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets Local Security Authority (LSA) backup keys which can be used to decrypt secrets of all users encrypted with DPAPI.
    MUST be run as an administrator
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntLSABackupKeys
 
    certificate Name Id Key
    ----------- ---- -- ---
    {1, 2, 3, 4...} RSA e783c740-2284-4bd6-a121-7cc0d39a5077 {231, 131, 199, 64...}
                    Legacy ff127a05-51b1-4d45-8655-30c883631d90 {255, 18, 122, 5...}
 
    .Example
    $lsabk_keys=Get-AADIntLSABackupKeys
#>
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param()
    Process
    {
        # First elevate the current thread by copying the token from LSASS.EXE
        if([AADInternals.Native]::copyLsassToken())
        {
            # Call the native method to retrive backupkeys
            $backupKeys=[AADInternals.Native]::getLsaBackupKeys();
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Error "Could not copy LSASS.EXE token. MUST be run as administrator"
            return
        }

        # Analyse and update the keys
        foreach($backupKey in $backupKeys)
        {
            
            if($bk=$backupKey.key)
            {
                # Get the version info (type of the key)
                $p=0;
                $version = [bitconverter]::ToInt32($bk,$p); $p+=4

                if($version -eq 2) # RSA privatekey
                {
                    $keyLen =  [bitconverter]::ToInt32($bk,$p); $p+=4
                    $certLen = [bitconverter]::ToInt32($bk,$p); $p+=4

                    # Extract the private key and certificate
                    $key=$bk[$p..$($p+$keyLen-1)]
                    $p+=$keyLen
                    $cert=$bk[$p..$($p+$certLen-1)]

                    # Create a private key header
                    $pvkHeader = @(
                        # Private key magic = 0xb0b5f11e == bob's file
                        0x1e, 0xf1, 0xb5, 0xb0
                        # File version = 0
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 
                        # Key spec = 1
                        0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
                        # Encrypt type = 0
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
                        # Encrypt data = 0
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
                    )
                    $pvkHeader += [System.BitConverter]::GetBytes([int32]$keyLen)

                    # Construct the private key and update key object
                    $privateKey = $pvkHeader + $key
                    $backupKey.key = [byte[]]$privateKey

                    # Add certificate to key object
                    $backupKey | Add-Member -NotePropertyName "certificate" -NotePropertyValue $cert

                }
                elseif($version -eq 1) # Legacy key
                {
                    # Update the key object's key
                    $key = $bk[$p..$($bk.Length)]
                    $backupKey.key = $key
                }
            }
        }

        return $backupKeys
    }
}

# Gets the given user's DSAPI master keys
# Apr 25th 2020
function Get-UserMasterkeys
{
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets user's master keys
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets user's master keys using the password or system backup key (LSA backup key)
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntUserMasterkeys -UserName "myuser" -SID "S-1-5-xxxx" -Password "password"
 
    Name Value
    ---- -----
    ec3c7e8e-fb06-43ad-b382-8c5... {236, 60, 126, 142...}
    8a26d304-198c-4495-918f-77b... {166, 95, 5, 216...}
 
    .Example
    $lsabk_keys=Get-AADIntLSABackupKeys
    PS C:\>$rsa_key=$lsabk_keys | where name -eq RSA
 
    PS C:\>Get-AADIntUserMasterkeys -UserName "myuser" -SID "S-1-5-xxxx" -SystemKey $rsa_key.key
     
    Name Value
    ---- -----
    ec3c7e8e-fb06-43ad-b382-8c5... {236, 60, 126, 142...}
    8a26d304-198c-4495-918f-77b...
 
#>
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]$UserName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]$SID,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="password")]
        [String]$Password,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="systemkey")]
        [byte[]]$SystemKey,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [String]$UsersFolder="C:\Users"

    )
    Process
    {
        $retVal=@{}
        
        #$bSID=[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($SID)

        $keysPath="$UsersFolder\$userName\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Protect\$SID"

        $fileNames=Get-ChildItem -Path $keysPath -Hidden | select -ExpandProperty Name
        
        foreach($fileName in $fileNames)
        {
            $guid=$null
            try
            {
                $guid=[guid]$fileName
            }
            catch{}

            if($guid -ne $null)
            {
                Write-Verbose "Found masterkey file: $("$keysPath\$fileName")`n`n"
                $binMasterKey = Get-Content "$keysPath\$fileName" -Encoding Byte

                $mk = Parse-MasterkeyBlob -Data $binMasterKey

                if($SystemKey) # Decrypt using SystemKey
                {
                    if($mk.DomainKey)
                    {
                        $decKey = Decrypt-MasterkeyBlob -Systemkey $SystemKey -Data $mk.DomainKey
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    $decKey = Decrypt-MasterkeyBlob -Data $mk.MasterKey -Password $Password -SID $SID -Salt $mk.MasterKeySalt -Iterations $mk.MasterKeyIterations -Flags $mk.MasterKeyFlags
                }

                $retVal[$mk.MasterKeyGuid] = $decKey

            }
        }

        return $retVal

    }
}

# Parses the given masterkey blob
# Apr 25th 2020
function Parse-MasterkeyBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data

    )

    Process
    {
        # Parse the header
        $version =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,0)
        $guid =     [guid][text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($Data[12..83])
        $flags =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,92)
        $mKeyLen =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($Data,96)  # Master Key
        $bKeyLen =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($Data,104) # Backup Key
        $crHisLen = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($Data,112) # Credential History
        $dKeyLen =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($Data,120) # Domain Key

        Write-Verbose "Masterkey GUID: $guid"
        Write-Verbose "Masterkey length: $mKeyLen"
        Write-Verbose "Backupkey length: $bKeyLen"
        Write-Verbose "CredHist length: $crHisLen"
        Write-Verbose "Domainkey length: $dKeyLen`n`n"

        # Set the position
        $p = 128

        # Parse Master key Blob
        $mkVersion =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+0)
        $mkSalt =      $Data[$($p+4)..$($p+19)]
        $mkRounds =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+20)
        $mkHashAlg =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+24)
        $mkCryptAlg =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+28)
        $mkBytes =     $Data[$($p+32)..$($p+$mKeyLen-1)]

        Write-Verbose "MASTERKEY"
        Write-Verbose "Salt: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $mkSalt)"
        Write-Verbose "Rounds: $mkRounds"
        Write-Verbose "Hash Alg: $mkHashAlg $($ALGS[$mkHashAlg])"
        Write-Verbose "Crypt Alg: $mkCryptAlg $($ALGS[$mkCryptAlg])"
        Write-Verbose "Key: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $mkBytes)`n`n"

        # Set the position
        $p += $mKeyLen

        # Parse Backup key Blob
        $bkVersion =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+0)
        $bkSalt =      $Data[$($p+4)..$($p+19)]
        $bkRounds =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+20)
        $bkHashAlg =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+24)
        $bkCryptAlg =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+28)
        $bkBytes =     $Data[$($p+32)..$($p+$bKeyLen-1)]

        Write-Verbose "BACKUPKEY"
        Write-Verbose "Salt: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $bkSalt)"
        Write-Verbose "Rounds: $bkRounds"
        Write-Verbose "Hash Alg: $bkHashAlg $($ALGS[$bkHashAlg])"
        Write-Verbose "Crypt Alg: $bkCryptAlg $($ALGS[$bkCryptAlg])"
        Write-Verbose "Key: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $bkBytes)`n`n"

        # Set the position
        $p += $bKeyLen

        # Parse credential history
        if($crHisLen -gt 0)
        {
            $crVersion = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+0)
            $crGuid = [guid][byte[]]($Data[$($p+4)..$($p+19)])

            Write-Verbose "CREDENTIAL HISTORY"
            Write-Verbose "Guid: $crGuid`n`n"
        }

        # Set the position
        $p += $crHisLen

        # There seems not to be domain key for domain admins?
        if($p -lt $Data.Length)
        {
            # Parse Domain key Blob
            $dkVersion =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+0)
            $dkSecLen =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+4)
            $dkAccLen=     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p+8)
            $dkGuid =      [guid][byte[]]($Data[$($p+12)..$($p+27)])
            $dkBytes =     $Data[$($p+28)..$($p+28+$dkSecLen-1)]
            $dkAccBytes =  $Data[$($p+28+$dkSecLen)..$($p+28+$dkSecLen+$dkAccLen-1)]

            Write-Verbose "DOMAINKEY"
            Write-Verbose "Guid: $dkGuid"
            Write-Verbose "Key: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $dkBytes)"
            Write-Verbose "Access Check:$(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $dkAccBytes)`n`n"
        }
        # Create a return object
        $attributes = [ordered]@{
                "MasterKeyFlags" =      $flags
                "MasterKeyGuid" =       $guid
                "MasterKey" =           $mkBytes
                "MasterKeySalt" =       $mkSalt
                "MasterKeyIterations" = $mkRounds
                "MasterKeyHashAlg" =    $mkHashAlg
                "MasterKeyCryptAlg" =   $mkCryptAlg

                "BackupKey" =           $bkBytes
                "BackupKeySalt" =       $bkSalt
                "BackupKeyIterations" = $bkRounds
                "BackupKeyHashAlg" =    $bkHashAlg
                "BackupKeyCryptAlg" =   $bkCryptAlg

                "DomainKeyGuid" =       $dkGuid
                "DomainKey" =           $dkBytes
                "DomainKeyAC" =         $dkAccBytes

                "CredHistoryGuid" =     $crGuid
                }

                
        return New-Object PSObject -Property $attributes
    }
}

# Parses the given masterkey blob
# Apr 29th 2020
function Decrypt-MasterkeyBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="password")]
        [byte[]]$Salt,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="password")]
        [int]$Iterations,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="password")]
        [String]$Password,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="password")]
        [String]$SID,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="systemkey")]
        [byte[]]$Systemkey,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true, ParameterSetName="password")]
        [String]$Flags,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [bool]$Protected=$true
    )
    Begin
    {
        $sha = New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.SHA1CryptoServiceProvider
    }
    Process
    {
        if(!$SystemKey)
        {
            # Create the password hash
            $md4 = [AADInternals.Native]::getHash(0x00008002 <#MD4#>,[text.encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes($Password))
            Write-Verbose "Password hash (MD4): $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $md4)"
            $sha1 = [AADInternals.Native]::getHash(0x00008004 <#SHA_1#>,[text.encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes($Password))
            Write-Verbose "Password hash (SHA1): $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $sha1)"
        
            if($flags -band 4)
            {
                # SHA1
                $pwdHash = $sha1
            }
            else
            {
                # MD4
                $pwdHash = $md4
            }

            # If the account is protected, we need to get a new hash
            if($Protected)
            {
                # Convert SID to wide byte array
                $SIDbin = [text.encoding]::Unicode.getBytes($SID)

                $pwdHash = [AADInternals.Native]::getPBKDF2(0x0000800c <#SHA_256#>, $pwdHash, $SIDbin, 10000, 32)
                $pwdHash = [AADInternals.Native]::getPBKDF2(0x0000800c <#SHA_256#>, $pwdHash, $SIDbin,     1, 16)
            }
        
        
            Write-Verbose "Final user hash: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $pwdHash)"
        
            # Derive the key from the password hash and SID
            $derivedKey = [AADInternals.Native]::getHMAC(0x00008004 <#SHA_1#>,$pwdHash,[byte[]]($SIDbin+0+0)) # SID needs null terminators ♥ MS
            Write-Verbose "Derived key: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $derivedKey)`n`n"

            # Decode the masterkey using the derived key
            $decMasterKey = [AADInternals.Native]::getMasterkey($derivedKey, $Data, $Salt, $Iterations)

        }
        else
        {
            # Decode the masterkey using the provided System Key
            $decMasterKey = [AADInternals.Native]::getMasterkey($SystemKey,$Data)
        }

        Write-Verbose "Decrypted masterkey: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $decMasterKey)`n`n"
        
        return $decMasterKey
    }
}

# Gets the given user's credentials from the vault
# Apr 28th 2020
function Get-LocalUserCredentials
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets user's credentials from the local credential vault
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets user's credentials from the local credential vault and decrypts them using the given masterkeys hashtable
 
    .Example
    Get-AADIntLocalUserCredentials -UserName user -MasterKeys $master_keys
 
    Target : LegacyGeneric:target=msTeams_autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com:443/user@company.com
    Persistance : local_machine
    Edited : 26/03/2020 10.12.11
    Alias :
    Comment :
    UserName : 
    Secret : {97, 115, 100, 102...}
    SecretTxt : 獡晤晤
    SecretTxtUtf8 : asdfdf
    Attributes : {}
 
    .Example
    $lsabk_keys=Get-AADIntLSABackupKeys
    PS C:\>$rsa_key=$lsabk_keys | where name -eq RSA
 
    PS C:\>$user_masterkeys=Get-AADIntUserMasterkeys -UserName "myuser" -SID "S-1-5-xxxx" -SystemKey $rsa_key.key
 
    PS C:\>Get-AADIntLocalUserCredentials -UserName "myuser" -MasterKeys $user_masterkeys
#>
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [String]$UserName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [System.Collections.Hashtable]$MasterKeys,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$false)]
        [String]$UsersFolder="C:\Users"
    )
    Process
    {
        $retVal=@()
        
        $localPath =   "$UsersFolder\$userName\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials"
        $roamingPath = "$UsersFolder\$userName\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Credentials"

        $localNames =   Get-ChildItem -Path $localPath   -Hidden | select -ExpandProperty Name
        $roamingNames = Get-ChildItem -Path $roamingPath -Hidden | select -ExpandProperty Name
        
        # Get the local credentials
        foreach($fileName in $localNames)
        {
            
            Write-Verbose "Found credentials file: $("$localPath\$fileName")`n`n"
            $binCredentials = Get-Content "$localPath\$fileName" -Encoding Byte

            $retVal += Parse-CredentialsBlob -Data $binCredentials -MasterKeys $MasterKeys
        }

        # Get the roaming credentials
        foreach($fileName in $roamingNames)
        {
            
            Write-Verbose "Found credentials file: $("$roamingPath\$fileName")`n`n"
            $binCredentials = Get-Content "$roamingPath\$fileName" -Encoding Byte

            $retVal += Parse-CredentialsBlob -Data $binCredentials -MasterKeys $MasterKeys
        }

        return $retVal

    }
}


# Parses the given credentials blob with
# Apr 28th 2020
function Parse-CredentialsBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [System.Collections.Hashtable]$MasterKeys
    )
    Begin
    {
        $persistenceTxt = @("none", "session", "local_machine", "enterprise");
    }
    Process
    {
        # Parse and decrypt the DPAPI blob
        $DPAPIBlob = Parse-DPAPIBlob -Data $Data[12..$($data.Length)]

        # Get the masterkey guid from DPAPI blob
        $mkGuid = $DPAPIBlob.MasterKeyGuid

        # Get the correct masterkey
        $masterKey = $MasterKeys[$mkGuid]

        if(!$masterKey)
        {
            Write-Error "DPAPI masterkey $mkGuid not found!"
            return $null
        }

        # Decrypt the credentials blob
        $cBlob = Decrypt-DPAPIBlob -Data $DPAPIBlob.EncryptedData -MasterKey $masterKey -Salt $DPAPIBlob.Salt

        if($cBlob)
        {

            Write-Verbose "Decrypted Data: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $cBlob)`n`n"

            #
            # Parse the credentials blob
            $p=0
            $crFlags =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $crSize =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $crUnk0 =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4

            $type =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $flags =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $Time =     [datetime]::FromFileTimeUtc([System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($cBlob,$p));$p+=8
            $unk0 =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $persist =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $atCount =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $unk1 =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $unk2 =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4

            $tgLen =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $target =   ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($cBlob[$p..$($p+$tgLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$tgLen

            $alLen =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $alias =    ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($cBlob[$p..$($p+$alLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$alLen

            $cmLen =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $comment =  ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($cBlob[$p..$($p+$cmLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$cmLen

            $ukLen =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $unkData =  ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($cBlob[$p..$($p+$ukLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$ukLen

            $usLen =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $userName = ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($cBlob[$p..$($p+$usLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$usLen

            $cbLen =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
            $crData =   [byte[]]$cBlob[$p..($p+$cbLen-1)];$p+=$cbLen

            $crDataTxt =     [text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($crData).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d))
            $crDataTxtUtf8 = [text.encoding]::UTF8.GetString($crData).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d))
        
            $crAttrs=@{}

            for($a = 0 ; $a -lt $atCount)
            {
                $atFlag =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
                $kwLen =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
                $keyWord = ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($cBlob[$p..$($p+$kwLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$kwLen

                $vaLen =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($cBlob,$p);$p+=4
                $value =   ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($cBlob[$p..$($p+$vaLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$vaLen
            
                $crAttrs[$keyWord]=$value
            }

            Write-Verbose "***CREDENTIALS BLOB***"
            Write-Verbose "Target: $target"
            Write-Verbose "Last Written: $time"
            Write-Verbose "Persistence: $($persistenceTxt[$persist])"
            Write-Verbose "Alias: $alias"
            Write-Verbose "Comment: $comment"
            Write-Verbose "User name: $userName"
            Write-Verbose "Secret: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $crData)"
            Write-Verbose "SecretTxt: $crDataTxt"
            Write-Verbose "SecretTxtUtf8: $crDataTxtUtf8"
            Write-Verbose "Attributes: $crAttrs`n`n`n"
        
        

            # Create a return object
            $attributes = [ordered]@{
                "Target" =        $target
                "Persistance" =   $persistenceTxt[$persist]
                "Edited" =        $time
                "Alias" =         $alias
                "Comment" =       $comment
                "UserName" =      $userName
                "Secret" =        $crData
                "SecretTxt" =     $crDataTxt
                "SecretTxtUtf8" = $crDataTxtUtf8
                "Attributes" =    $crAttrs
                }

                
            return New-Object PSObject -Property $attributes
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Error "Could not decrypt the DPAPI blob."
            return $null
        }
    }
}

# Parses the given DPAPI blob
# Apr 28th 2020
function Parse-DPAPIBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data
    )
    Process
    {
        # Parse the DPAPIBlob
        $p=0
        $version =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,0);$p+=4
        $provGuid =    [guid][byte[]]$Data[$p..($p+15)];$p+=16
        $mkVersion =   [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $mkGuid  =     [guid][byte[]]$Data[$p..($p+15)];$p+=16
        $flags =       [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $dscLen =      [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $description = ([text.encoding]::Unicode.GetString($Data[$p..$($p+$dscLen-1)])).trim(@(0x00,0x0a,0x0d)); $p+=$dscLen
        $algCrypt =    [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $algCryptLen = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $saltLen =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $salt =        $Data[$p..($p+$saltLen-1)];$p+=$saltLen
        $hmacKeyLen =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        if($hmacKeyLen -gt 0) {$hmacKey =     $Data[$p..($p+$hmacKeyLen-1)];$p+=$hmacKeyLen }
        $algHash =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $algHashLen =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $hmac2KeyLen = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        if($hmac2KeyLen -gt 0) {$hmac2Key =    $Data[$p..($p+$hmac2KeyLen-1)];$p+=$hmac2KeyLen}
        $encDataLen =  [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $encData =     $Data[$p..($p+$encDataLen-1)];$p+=$encDataLen
        $signLen =     [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($Data,$p);$p+=4
        $signature =   $Data[$p..($p+$signLen-1)]

        Write-Verbose "***DPAPIBLOB***"
        Write-Verbose "Provider GUID: $provGuid"
        Write-Verbose "Masterkey GUID: $mkGuid"
        Write-Verbose "Description: $description"
        Write-Verbose "Hash Alg: $algHash $($ALGS[$algHash])"
        Write-Verbose "Crypt Alg: $algCrypt $($ALGS[$algCrypt])"
        if($hmacKey) { Write-Verbose "HMAC key: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $hmacKey)"}
        if($hmac2Key) { Write-Verbose "HMAC key2: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $hmac2Key)"}
        Write-Verbose "Salt: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $salt)"
        Write-Verbose "Encrypted Data: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $encData)"
        Write-Verbose "Signature: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex -Bytes $signature)`n`n"

        # Create a return object
        $attributes = [ordered]@{
                "ProviderGuid" =  $provGuid
                "MasterKeyGuid" = $mkGuid
                "Description" =   $description
                "HashAlg" =       $algHash
                "CryptAlg" =      $algCrypt
                "Salt" =          $salt
                "EncryptedData" = $encData
                "Signature" =     $signature
                "HMACKey" =       $hmacKey
                "HMACKey2" =      $hmac2Key
                }

                
        return New-Object PSObject -Property $attributes
    }
}

# Decrypts the DPAPI secret using the given masterkey and salt
# Apr 29th 2020
function Decrypt-DPAPIBlob
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Data,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$MasterKey,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$Salt
    )
    Process
    {
        # Decrypt the DPAPI blob with the given masterkey and salt
        $decData = [AADInternals.Native]::getDPAPIBlob($MasterKey,$Data,$salt)

        return $decData
    }
}

# Gets the system masterkeys
# Apr 29th 2020
function Get-SystemMasterkeys
{
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Gets local system master keys
 
    .DESCRIPTION
    Gets local system master keys with the givne system backup key (LSA backup key)
 
    $lsabk_keys=Get-AADIntLSABackupKeys
    PS C:\>$rsa_key=$lsabk_keys | where name -eq RSA
 
    PS C:\>Get-AADIntSystemMasterkeys -SystemKey $rsa_key.key
     
    Name Value
    ---- -----
    ec3c7e8e-fb06-43ad-b382-8c5... {236, 60, 126, 142...}
 
#>
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
        [byte[]]$SystemKey
    )
    Process
    {
        
        $keysPath="$env:windir\System32\Microsoft\Protect\S-1-5-18"

        # Get the preferred masterkey guid
        $preferredFile = Get-Content "$keysPath\Preferred" -Encoding Byte
        $masterKeyGuid = ([guid][byte[]]$preferredFile[0..15]).ToString()
        $TimeStamp =     [datetime]::FromFileTimeUtc([System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($preferredFile,16))
        Write-Verbose "Preferred key: $masterKeyGuid, valid until: $TimeStamp"


        # Get the preferred masterkey
        $fileName = "$keysPath\$($masterKeyGuid.ToString())"
        Write-Verbose "Opening masterkey file: $fileName`n`n"
        $binMasterKey = Get-Content $fileName -Encoding Byte

        # Parse the masterkey blob
        $mk = Parse-MasterkeyBlob -Data $binMasterKey

        $decKey = Decrypt-MasterkeyBlob -Systemkey $systemKey -Data $mk.DomainKey 

        $retVal = @{$mk.MasterKeyGuid = $decKey}
        
        return $retVal

    }
}

# Parse ManagedPassword blob
# Aug 23rd 2022
function Parse-ManagedPasswordBlob
{
    [cmdletbinding()]
    Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
        [byte[]]$PasswordBlob
    )
    Process
    {
        $properties = [ordered]@{}
        $p = 0

        # Get version
        $version = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($PasswordBlob,$p); $p += 4
        if($version -ne 1)
        {
            Write-Error "Invalid version: $version, was expecting 1"
            return $null
        }

        # Get blob size
        $blobSize = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($PasswordBlob,$p); $p += 4
        if($blobSize -ne $PasswordBlob.Length)
        {
            # Blob may have null byte padding - then okay!
            if($PasswordBlob.Length % 16 -ne 0)
            {
                Write-Warning "ManagedPasswordBlob length $($PasswordBlob.Length) bytes, was expecting $blobSize"
            }
        }

        # Get the current password
        $curPwdOffset = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt16($PasswordBlob,$p); $p += 2
        if($curPwdOffset -eq 0)
        {
            Write-Error "Invalid current password offset: 0"
            return $null
        }
        else
        {
            $properties["CurrentPassword"] = $PasswordBlob[$curPwdOffset..$($curPwdOffset+255)]
        }

        # Get the previous password
        $prevPwdOffset = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt16($PasswordBlob,$p); $p += 2
        if($prevPwdOffset -ne 0)
        {
            $properties["PreviousPassword"] = $PasswordBlob[$prevPwdOffset..$($prevPwdOffset+255)]
        }

        # Get the QueryPasswordInterval
        $queryPwdIntervalOffset = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt16($PasswordBlob,$p); $p += 2
        $properties["QueryPasswordInterval"] = [timespan]::FromTicks([System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($PasswordBlob,$queryPwdIntervalOffset))
        
        # Get the UnchangedPasswordInterval
        $unchangedPwdIntervalOffset = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt16($PasswordBlob,$p); 
        $properties["UnchangedPasswordInterval"] = [timespan]::FromTicks([System.BitConverter]::ToInt64($PasswordBlob,$unchangedPwdIntervalOffset))
        

        return New-Object psobject -Property $properties
    }
}

# Returns the GMSA secret name for the given username
# Aug 28th 2022
function Get-GMSASecretName
{
[cmdletbinding()]

    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$true,ValueFromPipeline)]
        [String]$AccountName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [String]$DomainName,
        [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
        [ValidateSet("GMSA","DPAPI")]
        [String]$Type="GMSA"
        )
    Process
    {
        # Get the domain name from registry & wmic if not provided
        if([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($DomainName))
        {
            $DomainName = Get-ComputerDomainName -NetBIOS
        }

        # Strip the dollar sign if present
        if($AccountName.EndsWith('$'))
        {
            $AccountName = $AccountName.SubString(0,$AccountName.Length - 1)
        }

        # Concatenate domain and account name + make upper case
        $GMSAAccountName = "$DomainName$AccountName".ToUpper()

        Write-Verbose "Calculating GMSA name for $GMSAAccountName"

        # Get the SHA256 hash with HMAC flag. Microsoft <3
        $binAccountName = [text.encoding]::Unicode.getBytes($GMSAAccountName)
        Write-Debug "Encoded account name: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex $binAccountName)"
        $binHash = [AADInternals.Native]::GetSHA256withHMACFlag($binAccountName)

        if(!$binHash)
        {
            throw "Unable to get SHA256 hash with HMAC flag for $GMSAAccountName"
        }

        Write-Debug "Hash1: $(Convert-ByteArrayToHex $binHash)"

        # The hex string is calculated by switching the hi/low bits of each byte. Microsoft <3
        $hexLetters = "0123456789abcdef"
        $strHash=""
        $pos = 0
        do{
    
            $strHash += $hexLetters[($binHash[$pos] -band 0x0f)]
            $strHash += $hexLetters[($binHash[$pos] -shr  0x04)]
            $pos+=1
        }while($pos -lt $binHash.Length)

        Write-Debug "Hash2: $strHash"

        # Prefix is hard coded
        $preFix=""
        if($Type -eq "GMSA")
        {
            $preFix = "_SC_GMSA_{84A78B8C-56EE-465b-8496-FFB35A1B52A7}_"
        }
        else
        {
            $preFix = "_SC_GMSA_DPAPI_{C6810348-4834-4a1e-817D-5838604E6004}_"
        }

        $GMSASecretName = "$preFix$strHash"

        Write-Verbose "GMSA secret name for $($GMSAAccountName): $GMSASecretName"

        # Return
        return $GMSASecretName
    }
}